• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2007

This study conducts quantitative analysis with the use of GIS of characteristics of Buddhism relics spatial locations such as Buddhist temple sites. With the intention of analysis of the generally known Buddhist temple site locations from spatial side, following the Buddhism relics sites state, the present conditions of Buddhist temple sites was analyzed from the spatial point of view. The results of the present study are that, comparing with general location analysis, different characteristics of competitive strength which maintains Buddhist temple sites functioning until now are showing. In case of such cities as Chuncheon and Wonju, Buddhist temples exist in the areas of high locational competitiveness, and most of them were located in the areas which with relatively poor environment. On the other hand, comparing with Samchuk city case, the location environment of Buddhist temples there turned out to be excellent. Such results show that we can discover the special characteristics of Buddhism which holds the entire history for the space called the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.53-81
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine the chracteristics of the location of Zen Buddhist temples which are the Nine-Mountain Sects of Zen(九山禪門) from feng-shui perspective. A large number of temples have been built for about 1600 years since Buddhism had influenced on Korea. They have been built nationwide in different times by different sects of Buddhism. The pattern of location of Buddhist temples is different according to background of the times (political, economic, cultural aspect) and of tenet(difference in sects of Buddhism) when the temples were built. But the general location of Korean Buddhist temples is in accordance with feng-shui theory. Feng-shui is a traditional geographic thought in China and Korea. It is necessary to understand feng-shui in order to understand Korean landscape and cultural geography. It had given a tremendous impact on Korean landscape through choosing site of cities, settlements, houses, mounments, temples, pagodas, and so on. Before feng-shui was prevailing in Korea, Buddhist temples were mostly built on sacred place which was connected with folk beliefs. In the case of the late Silla Dynasty when Zen Buddhism was prevailing, feng-shui became popular and many. temples were built in accordance with feng-shui. The typical examples are found in the site of Nine-Mountain Sects of Zen temples. The interpretation of geomantic site of Nine-Mountain Sects of Zen temples will show us how feng-shui was applied to and reflected in the Korean peninsula. In Zen Buddhism, feng-shui was applied to the choice of the temple site. Also feng-shui theory was usually used to choose the site of stupa(Budo) where the remains of the founder of sect. In this study, I will interpret the geomantic characteristics of Nine-Mountain Sects of Zen temples. The geomantic interpretations of the temples are as follow. 1. The temples are located at the foot of a hill with surrounding mountains and a watercourse in front. Feng-shui texts often describe it as an ideal site. This geomantic situation is well equipped with natural drainage; protection from cold wind from the north or evil spirits; a good view with open space to the front; protection from unnecessary weather damage; and security and protection from strangers and invaders. 2. The sitting and facing direction of the temples correspond to the oncoming dragon's direction. 3. Many feng-shui texts discuss the types of Sa(surrounding mountains) in detail and morphologically describe them with certain animate and inanimate auspicious objects. In case of Nine-Mountain Sects of Zen temples, the geomantic landscape of these can be compared to auspicious objects. This is morphological marker for the description of configulation features of these temples. 4. Most auspicious places are not perfect, but the shortcomings can be overcome by many means. We can observe modification of landscape for the purpose of fulfilling the geomantic harmony of the temple.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.432-435
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• 2011

산불로 인한 피해는 비단 산림뿐만 아니라 산림인접지 가옥, 사찰과 같은 건축물에서도 발생된다. 특히, 사찰은 국보뿐만 아니라 다양한 문화재를 보유하고 있어 산불로 인해 소실될 경우 문화 자산의 피해가 불가피하다. 이에 국보보유사찰, 문화재 다량보유사찰, 조계종 교구 본사, 세계문화재 등재 사찰 등을 포함한 우리나라 주요사찰 42개소에 대해 미국 Firewise 및 캐나다의 Firesmart에서 제시한 산림인접지 시설물의 위험성 평가 방법을 기반으로 체크리스트 기법을 이용하여 '사찰 산불 위험성 평가'를 실시하였다. 체크리스트 주요 항목은 크게 입지 여건, 임상 및 산림과 사찰의 이격거리, 산불발생 개연성, 사찰 주변 가연물 화재위험성, 적정소방시설 여부, 기타 화재방지를 위한 시설물 평가 등 총 6개 항목으로 구분하여 26개 세부항목을 작성, 평가하였다. 정성적 위험성 평가 결과, 산불로 인한 화재 위험성이 높은 사찰과 산불피해 저감 대책을 제시하였고 향후, 정량적 위험성 평가를 통한 위험관리 모델 제시에 관한 연구를 수행하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2009

In Korean history, Fengshui and Buddhism were closely connected in a harmonious and interrelated manner, together influencing the location and function of Buddhist temples, the forming of social and spatial ideologies, the spread of Fengshui, the development of Buddhist Bibo-Fengshui, ete. The interaction between Fengshui and Buddhism, which began after the introduction of Zen Buddhism in the late-Silla period, acted as a spatial ideology that empowered the powerful local gentries to trigger a social upheaval in the late-Silla period and was used by the government leaders for political purposes throughout the Goryeo period. In the Joseon period, the link between Buddhism and Fengshui weakened and was felt only at a grass-roots level.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3982-3987
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• 2010

`Sansinkak' is the building which contains the picture or statue of mountain god(=Sansin). It is also an expression of respect for the mountain god. This building is usually very small, so a few person can enter inside it. Because people pray to mountain god for personal purpose, sometime this wishes are exclusive and egoistic, so narrow space is more suitable. Sansin is not the original god of Buddhism, it is the god of folk belief of traditional Korea, so every Sansinkak is located in the back slope of the temples, away from Buddha's building, the center area. Sansinkak is not only the pathway of vital force from back mountains to the temple, but also the exit to the infinite nature as an extension of Buddhist belief.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.72-73
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• 1999

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

Korean temple gardens have very high preservation value as the place reflecting ancestral wisdom in harmony with nature. Not only as a religious place but also as a beautiful landscape place, many people including foreigners are visiting traditional Korean temples. However, current many Korean temple gardens lost their original value and meaning because of the inappropriate planting in traditional places. In this study, for maintaining the representativeness of traditional Korean temple, we researched the current planting status of traditional Korean temple. After the research of 51 traditional Korean temples, a total of 207 species of plants was investigated, and among them 128 species (61.84%) were Korean native plants, 76 species (36.71%) were cultivar plants, 2 species (0.97%) were naturalized plants, and 1 species (0.48%) is introduced plant. Korean red pine (46 temples), sawleaf zelkova (38 temples), and ginkgo (36 temples) were the high rank species among 207 species. Korean rare plants including black-fruit hackberry and Korean fir form 5.3% of total species, and Korean endemic plants including Korean weigela and Korean paulownia form 3.4% of total species in traditional Korean temples. On the other hand, plants that have religious meaning such as lotus, musa, and guelder rose form slightly. There is a higher proportion of traditional Korean plants than religious meaning plants in traditional temple gardens, so that temple gardens are highlighted as historic places. Based on the planting status, maintenance plans were established reflecting characteristics of each spaces: entry space, the precincts of a shrine, and flower stairs. As a result, we suggest that selecting a suitable plant species with regard to the religious meaning of the plant symbolism for newly designing Korean temple gardens.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2024

This study analyzes the feng shui characteristics of the location of Seon-un Temple in Do-sol Mountain, Gochang from a metaphysical and selfish perspective through field research and literature review.A characteristic element of feng shui was that it prioritized harmony with nature and made it a reference point for selecting a location through a reasonable method. In the Silla Dynasty, adherent monks studied in the Gangseo area, where the Hyeongsepungsu first appeared, and this Hyeongsepungsu of the Gangseo District Law flowed into Korea and played a leading role in selecting the location of the temple and arranging Garam. Seon-un Temple was located under Do-sol Mountain and had no choice but to have great significance, and it was a practice of the desire to achieve Buddhist perfection through Do-sol Stream and Do-sol Small Temple, which enter the kingdom of Buddha. A s a result, the location of Seon-un Temple under Do-sol Mountain in Gochang reflected a variety of feng shui characteristics. In particular, the location of Sun-un Temple in Do-sol Mountain logically used the characteristics and meanings of feng shui and practiced becoming one with nature, which is aimed at spreading Buddhist doctrine and ideology, which has the holiest meaning of Buddhism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.44-58
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• 2022

Bunhwangsa Temple, Baekryulsa Temple and Sambulsa Temple are not famous cultural heritage area, but they are visited by many tourists and are located in Gyeongju National Park and Gyeongju Historic Areas, so environmental and cultural preservations are required. The purpose of this study is to manage the unique environment and landscape of cultural assets by analysing the invasive alien plant of traditional temple of Gyeongju. The whole flora were summarized as 188 taxa including 73 families, 136 genera, 154 species, 3 subspecies, 11 varieties, 4 forms, 5 hybrids and 12 cultivars., and the landscape plants were 163 taxa and 38 taxa of the invasive alien plants. The 13 taxa of invasive alien plants were planted in three temples. The ecosystem disturbance species were 3 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Lactuca seriola and Symphyotrichum pilosum. Invasive alien plants have artificial causes such as landscape planting, but there are also those that are introduced naturally from outside. The parking lot of the temple is expected to be a major propagation path for invasive alien plants due to the large amount of interference and disturbance. Based on the results of this study, the management plans are suggested as follows. First, it is necessary to use native species suitable for the natural environment and traditional landscape of Korea for landscape planting of traditional temples, and development of planting guidelines centered on cultural properties is required. Second, it is necessary to refrain from planting invasive alien plants because traditional temples are located in an important environment and historically. Third, for the preservation of the temple environment, it is necessary to promptly remove the ecosystem disturbance species. Fourth, in order to express the landscape characteristics of traditional temples, a unique planting plan should be established in consideration of the location environment and historicity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2017

Although Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests near temples are valuable as forests of the cultural landscape, they are likely to be deteriorated because of vegetation succession and climate changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetation structure, the pine vitality, and the site environmental characteristics of the pine forests near temples to identify the correlation between pine tree growth and location environment. We selected Chuneunsa, Wonhyosa, Jeungsimsa, and Taeansa Temples since these four areas still had the healthy pine forests. In all four studied area, the pine trees dominate the canopy layers while the deciduous broadleaf trees mostly inhabited appeared in the lower layers. The growth of pine trees in Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa areas was not as good as Chuneunsa area where the pine trees tended to be older. We found higher total nitrogen content in soil in Jeungsimsa area than other areas, maybe because of increase in total nitrogen caused by the development of low vegetation in the area. This peculiarity may have led to the pine trees in the area to fall behind the deciduous broadleaf trees in competition for nitrogen nutrient and thus to show deteriorated growth. The altitude and the twig length showed a negative correlation as did the degree of slope and the mean importance percentage of the pine tree. In other words, the growth environment such as soil became poorer when the altitude and the degree of slope increased, and thus the growth amount and dominance of the pine trees were lower. The degree of slope showed a positive correlation with the twig length of the pine tree. Within boundaries of location environment where the pine tree forests were dominant, it seemed that growth of the pine trees was more favorable as the slope was steeper because the trees could avoid competition with deciduous broadleaf trees. On the other hand, the growth of pine trees deteriorated as the electrical conductivity of soil increased; increase in soil nutrients might have accelerated vegetation development of deciduous broadleaf trees and thus aggravated the growth environment of pine trees to negatively affect maintaining the health of the pine tree forests.