• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.25-32
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• 2004

An anti-fraud system that utilizes association rules of fraud as well as AFS (Anti Fraud System) for credit card payments in e-commerce is proposed. The association rules are found by applying the data mining algorithm to millions of transaction records that have been generated as a result of orders on goods through the Internet. When a customer begins to process an order by using transaction components of a secure messaging protocol, the degree of risk for the transaction is assessed by using the found rules. More credit information will be requested or the transaction is rejected if it is interpreted as risky.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.421-427
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• 2015

This study aims at reviewing first the cases of marine accidents of small fishing vessels and vessels towing and being towed and, the problems concerning such lights and shapes that could be misunderstood for those in concerned Rules, or that could impair their distinctive characteristics or obstruct to keep a proper look-out. And then I wish to make a suggestion of the necessity of amending the National Laws which stipulate the rules for the ship's lights and shapes as follows; Firstly, by amending the "Standard of Construction and Equipment for the Less Than 10 Gross Tonnage of Small Fishing Vessels" small fishing vessel must be equipped with the lights and shapes that are the same as those of "vessel engaged in fishing" prescribed by Rule 26 of the "COLREG 1972" and Rule 84 of the "Maritime Safety Law Act". Secondly, "Standard of Fishing Vessels Equipment" which stipulate the rules concerning the exception of the running lights and radar reflector for the small fishing vessels must be amended to meet the requirement of Rule 20 of the "Maritime Safety Act". Thirdly, the definition of "Length of the tow" which prescribed by Rule 2 of the "Maritime Safety Act" must be amended to meet the Rule 24 of the "COLREG 1972". And also I wish to adhere to the importance of displaying the adequate vessel lights and shapes by every mariner for preventing marine accidents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.157-182
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• 2010

A counter-guarantee is an independent undertaking and it functions in the same way as an ordinary independent guarantee. However, the typical notion of independence which applies to the relationship between the guarantee and the underlying contract cannot be exactly transposed to the relationship between the counter-guarantee and the primary guarantee, because the primary guarantor bears its duties that derive from the mandate. In this respect, this study reviews, with some critics, a Korean appellate court's decision and argues that, in spite of the principle of independence between the counter-guarantee and the primary guarantee, the primary guarantor may not be entitled to reimbursement from the counter-guarantor, if it is objectively evident that the primary guarantor has failed to perform its duty of verifying compliance under the primary guarantor or if it is objectively evident that the primary guarantor knows that it is objectively evident that there was fraudulent calling by the beneficiary under the primary guarantee.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.15-39
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• 2016

Over the past couple of decades, we can see the emergence of a new lex mercatoria. It consists of international conventions or treaty, model laws and international principles. And such new lex mercatoria is driven by the international institutions such as UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT and ICC. The international convention and international principles in the field of international commercial transaction are considered : UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) and The UNIDROIT Principles(PICC Principles). The former is the statue law for the latter, and the latter sometimes supports the former as an interpretation and supplementation of CISG. So, the purpose of this article is to evaluate and investigate the current status of CISG and PICC Principles in terms of application and interpretation principles. The results are as follows. First, PICC are used for the interpretation and supplementation of international law such as CISG, but CISG is a law, not a rule. Second, CISG and PICC Principles are not often chosen when parties chose the law governing their contract. The parties very often chose a national law ; the number of the parties choosing CISG and PICC Principles as a governing law was very low.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2000

프로야구경기의 승패 예측의 문제는 그리 쉬운 일이 아니다. 왜냐하면 경기에 영향을 미치는 요소가 무한하기 때문이다. 예를 들어, 경기당일의 선수들의 컨디션이나 사기, 경기당일의 날씨, 구장요건, 상대팀에 대한 심리적 요인등 사전에 경기영향을 미치는 요소가 무한하다. 본 연구실에서는 과거 경기기록 자료를 기반으로 유용한 규칙을 찾아내어 분류트리를 만들어 학습하는 ID3 알고리즘을 프로야구 승패예측 시스템 구성에 사용하여 보았으나, 이산적인 자료의 처리로 인해 연속적인 경기자료를 고려하지 못하는 문제로 예측율이 더이상 향상되지 않았다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 휴리스틱 방법을 이용한 경기전 예측과 경기중 예측을 이닝별 득점으로 세분화하여, 실제 경기상황을 고려한 일반적인 예측모형을 만들어 예측율을 향상시키고자 한다. 향후에는 더욱 세분화시켜 Case-based에 의한 예측을 하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2004.04b
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• pp.580-582
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• 2004

방대한 양의 웹 정보를 적절히 가공하여 사용자가 원하는 서비스를 생성하기란 쉽지 않다. 웹서비스는 사용자가 원하는 적절한 정보를 표준화된 인터페이스를 통해 처리할 수 있는 기능을 제공하고 결합을 통해 보다 복잡한 서비스를 생성할 수 있도록 해준다. 오프라인에서 물품을 사기 위해 상점에 들어갈 때 점원의 도움을 받는 것처럼 웹서비스도 상황에 맞춰 유연하게 제공되어야 한다 그러나 일반 웹서비스 생성은 사용자의 정보를 능동적으로 판단하지 않고 정적인 규칙에 의존한 결합이 주를 이루고 있다 본 논문의 서비스 에이전트는 행동 네트워크를 사용하여 사용자에게 적절한 서비스를 제공한다. 행동 네트워크는 외부환경과 내부목표를 바탕으로 각각의 행동들이 서로 연결 관계를 가지고 있다. 각각의 행동의 선택은 다른 행동과 외부환경에 영향을 주기 때문에 동적으로 사용자의 환경과 입력이 변하여도 적절히 대처하며 서비스 선택을 할 수 있다. 행동 네트워크를 바탕으로 동적 서비스 생성 시스템을 만들었고, 이를 이용하여 Amazon 도메인에서 능동적인 서비스 제공이 가능함을 보였다.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-199
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• 2008

A letter of credit transaction of the preexistence have been raising one's head fraud charge problem as a result of abusing the principles of independence and abstraction. Every society has certain rules and conventions which it regards as important and most of people in any society. The paper document means a document in a traditional paper form. The eUCP credit must specify the formats in which electronic records are to be presented. In these present times, the issuance of documentary credit are performed by the SWIFT(Society for Worldwide Inter bank Financial Telecommunication) system. The eUCP have been written to allow for presentation completely electronically or for a mixture of paper documents and electronic presentation. Presentation is deemed not to have been made if the Beneficiary's notice is not received. An electronic record that cannot be authenticated is deemed not to have been presented. The e-UCP is the supplement of current existing UCP but is superior to UCP under some circumstances. The document shall include an electronic record. The place for presentation of electronic records means an electronic address. The current e-UCP is not clear on this matter. We have to note followings in case of presenting the documents electronically and applying the e-UCP. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. IN the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3253-3259
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• 2009

In this study, a computer simulation has been performed for the refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants in order to decrease the process stream temperature to $-20^{\circ}C$. Refrigerant supply temperature was assumed to be $-30^{\circ}C$ considering the temperature difference as $10^{\circ}C$ with process stream. Peng-Robinson equation of state model was selected for the computer simulation. A new alpha function proposed by Twu et al was used for an accurate prediction of pure component vapor pressure experimental data. One fluid mixing rules were used for the estimation of mixture vapor-liquid equilibria calculations. A commercial process simulator, PRO/II with PROVISION was utilized for the simulation of the overall refrigeration process. In order to minimize the compressor power consumption, we have optimized the two-stage compression system by varying the first stage compressor outlet pressure. Finally, we could obtain the minimum total power 755.7kW at the first stage compressor outlet pressure, 6 bar.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.241-265
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Banks's Examination of Documents in the L/C Transactions. Most of all, this article deals with one of most important aspects of the law on documentary credits, namely, the compliance of documents presented with the terms and conditions of a letter of credit. In addition, the general principles of strict compliance will be considered and in the next, the requirements of specific documents such as invoices, transport documents and insurance policies. This area of letter of credit law is shaped not only by judge-made decisions but also the articles of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, the International Standard Banking Practice(ISBP Publication No.745) prepared by the Banking Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce as well as the position papers and opinions of the latter. Whether a document complies with the terms of a letter of credit is essentially a matter of examination and construction of the document in question against the terms of the letter of credit under which it is presented, articles of the UCP, ISBP as well as the opinions and statements of the Banking Committee. Most of all this article was focused on provisions of UCP600. Comparison with provisions of UCP500 have been drawn where appropriate.