• Title/Summary/Keyword: 사과조직

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Perforation Adjustment of Unit Package for 'Fuji' Apples during Short-term Cold Storage and Export Simulation ('후지' 사과의 단기 저온저장 및 모의수출 과정에서 소포장의 천공도 조절 효과)

  • Kim, Su-Jeong;Park, Youn-Moon;Yoon, Tae-Myung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.184-192
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    • 2014
  • Various types of unit packaging methods were applied for 'Fuji' apples during short-term cold storage and export simulation. Gas tightness of the package was controlled stepwise in the successive two-year experiments using different perforation treatments (none, punch hole, or pinhole) and sealing methods (tie v s. heat seal). Risk of tight packaging and effectiveness of macroperforation on weight loss and quality maintenance were analyzed as related to changes in gas concentration inside the packages. Immediately after harvest, each 5 apple units were packaged in $40{\mu}m$ polypropylene (PP) film bags, stored 4 weeks at $0^{\circ}C$, and then put on the shelf for one week at ambient temperature in the preliminary experiment, In the main experiment, export process was imposed after storage simulating 2 week refrigerated container shipment at $0^{\circ}C$ plus one week local marketing at ambient temperature. Non-perforated film packaging with relatively high gas tightness induced flesh browning caused by carbon dioxide accumulation regardless of the sealing methods. Among perforated film packaging, in contrast, atmospheric modification was partly established only in the pinhole treatment and flesh browning symptom was not observed in all the treatments. Even the punch hole perforated film packaging without gas tightness effectively reduced the weight loss, whereas had slight benefits for quality maintenance. Reduced perforation using pinhole treatment seemed to improve sensory texture, while effects on physicochemical quality were insignificant. Overall results suggest the need of more minute perforation treatments on the packaging film to ensure modified atmosphere effects on quality maintenance.

Validation of Reference Genes for Quantifying Changes in Physiological Gene Expression in Apple Tree under Cold Stress and Virus Infection (저온과 바이러스 감염에 노출된 사과나무의 생리적 유전자 정량 측정용 유전자들의 발현 분석 및 검증)

  • Yoon, Ju-Yeon;Jeong, Jae-Hoon;Choi, Seung-Kook
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.144-158
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    • 2020
  • Quantitative reverse transcription PCR is used for gene expression analysis as the accurate and sensitive method. To analyze quantification of gene expression changes in apple plants, 10 housekeeping genes (ACT, CKL, EF-1α, GAPDH, MDH, PDI, THFs, UBC, UBC10, and WD40) were evaluated for their stability of expression during infection by Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) or in cold-stress apple plant buds. Five reference-gene validation programs were used to establish the order of the most stable genes for ASGV as CKL>THFs>GAPDH>ACT, and the least stable genes WD40CKL>UBC10, and the least stable genes were ACT

A Study on the Effect of Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture at ST36 on Collagen-induced Arthritis in Mice (족삼리(足三里) 사과락약침(絲瓜絡藥鍼)이 생쥐의 Collagen-induccd Arthritis에 미치는 영향)

  • Chae, Choong-heon;Choi, Sun-mi;Yim, Yun-kyoung
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.131-144
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    • 2005
  • Objective : The aim of this study is to observe the effect of Herbal-acupuncture(HA) with Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(LFR-HAS) at ST36(Joksamni) on Collagen Ⅱ -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA1/J mice were immunized with bovine type Ⅱ collagen(CⅡ) on days 0 and 21 to induce an arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups. They were Normal group(wild type), Control group(CIA), Saline group(CIA +saline injection), Needle Prick group(CIA +single Prick with an injection needle) and LFR-HA group(CIA +LFR-HA treatment). The saline injection, needle prick and LFR-HA were made on the right ST36(Joksamni) of mice for 5 weeks, 3 times a week beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The highest synovial rate of lung fibroblasts was measured in the 1% LFR-HAS. 2. TNF-${\alpha}$ expression of survival cells from CIA mouse joint was significantly reduced in the 1% LFR-HAS. 3. The incidence of arthritis and the spleen weight of CIA mouse were significantly reduced by the Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture (LFR-HA) at ST36. 4. The concentrations of IL-6, INF-${\alpha}$, INF-${\alpha}$, IgG, IgM, and anti-collagen Ⅱ in the CIA mouse serum were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. 5. The histological examination showed that, in the LFR-HA group, the cartilage destruction and the synoviocyte proliferation in the CIA mouse joint were not significant compared to the control group, and the collagen fiber was similarly expressed as the normal group. 6. In the LFR-HA group, the ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell, and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cell in the lymph node were similarly maintained as those of the normal group. 7. CD69+/CD3e+ and CD11a+/CD19+ cells in the CIA mouse lymph node were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. 8. CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells in the CIA mouse joint were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. Conclusions : These results indicate that Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture (LFR-HA) at ST36 may regulate the immune system and have a therapeutic effect on Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in mice.

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Development of Fruit Structure in 'Fuji' Apples (사과 '후지' 과실의 조직 발달)

  • Park, Hee-Seung;Park, Ji-Young
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.368-372
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    • 2000
  • The fruit structure of 'Fuji' apples from full bloom to maturing was observed from 1997 to 1998. Cell division period of the fruit was found to be 4 to 5 weeks after full bloom. Vascular bundles in the inner part of the fruit skin which were not described in the books illustrating apple fruit structure was observed, as they were tentatively named as outer vascular bundles (OVB), and another vascular bundles were also observed newly in periphery of locules, as they were tentatively named as inner vascular bundles (IVB). In the observation of the inner epidermis (IE) in the inner part of the locules on 2 days prior to full bloom, the guard cells were observed and these were disappeared in the observation made 2 days later, i.e. on full bloom. The formation of fruit skin was observed at the microscope 65 days after full bloom and the number of cell which organized the fruit skin did not change from this time to maturation period. Tannin which is mainly in the fruit skin changing from continuously during fruit growth, specially the tannin of epidermis disappeared completely 100 days after full bloom stage, and then constituted again. Starch was not almost found out in cell division period of fruit from full bloom stage after this time it constituted much at flesh part and decreased at maturation period. Epidermis was developed by uniform cells of a layer the cell of epidermis constituted irregularity after pigmentation stage, the organization of fruit was not close because the very big intercellular space constituted at hypodermis and flesh structure.

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Effects of Postharvest 1-MCP Treatment, Storage Method, and Shelf Temperature on Quality Changes of 'Gamhong' Apples during Export Simulation (수확후 1-MCP 처리, 저장 방법 및 현지 유통온도가 모의수출 '감홍' 사과의 품질에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Park, Youn-Moon;Yoon, Tae-Myung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.725-733
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    • 2012
  • Effects of postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, and shelf temperature on quality of 'Gamhong' apples were analyzed during export simulation. Fruits were harvested at the optimum maturity for long-term storage, treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP for 16 hours, and then stored for 6 months under air and CA conditions at $0^{\circ}C$. Poststorage export procedure was performed by applying additional 2-week refrigerated storage and 7-day shelf-life test at 7 and $20^{\circ}C$, which simulated container shipment and local distribution, respectively. After storage and during export simulation, rates of respiration and ethylene evolution were significantly lower in 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. For the reduction of respiration, CA storage was more effective than 1-MCP treatment. Soluble solids content was maintained higher in 1-MCP treated apples, while titratable acidity was maintained better both in the 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. Effects of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were highly significant in maintaining flesh firmness and sensory texture ratings. Additive effects from combined application of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were occasionally observed. Shelf temperature during the local distribution simulation seemed not to significantly influence quality changes only showing limited effects on flesh firmness. Overall results suggest that storage potential of 'Gamhong' apples is shorter than 4 months in control fruit under refrigerated air conditions, whereas the potential can be extended to longer than 6 months by 1-MCP treatment and CA storage. Postharvest program should be provided considering the time of export, i.e. period of storage, and duration of local distribution.

Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Tofu Coagulated with 'Tsugaru' Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Juice (쓰가루 사과즙을 이용한 두부의 품질 및 항산화 특성)

  • Kim, Dong-Ho;Hong, Kyeong-Nam;Lim, Yeo-Kyeong;Cha, Seung-Hyeon;Ryu, Ji-Eun;Cho, Jin-Ho;Kim, Dae-Il;Yoo, Do-Il;Jang, Keum-Il
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.45 no.8
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    • pp.1130-1137
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    • 2016
  • In this study, we investigated the quality, antioxidant properties, and sensory characteristics of tofu coagulated with 'Tsugaru' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Yield, $^{\circ}Brix$, pH, total acidity, total polyphenol content, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 'Tsugaru' apple juice were 60%, 10.3, 3.89, 0.51%, 2.26 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, $20{\mu}g$ L-ascorbic acid equivalent (AE)/g, and $75{\mu}g$ AE/g, respectively. In case of Tofu coagulated with 20% (w/v) 'Tsugaru' apple juice, yield, $^{\circ}Brix$, pH, total acidity, hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, total polyphenol content, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 165%, 6.23, 0.27%, 513 g, 315, 0.61, 12.04 mg GAE/g, $80.67{\mu}g$ AE/g, and $92.32{\mu}g$ AE/g, respectively. Both the manufacture yield and pH of tofu decreased with increasing amount of 'Tsugaru' apple juice, whereas total acidity increased. Regarding the texture and chromaticity of tofu coagulated with increasing amounts of 'Tsugaru' apple juice, hardness, chewiness, and a- and b-values increased, whereas cohesiveness and L-value both decreased. In terms of antioxidant activities, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased, whereas ABTS radical scavenging activity was maintained within a certain range. Finally, concerning the sensory evaluation (taste, color, flavor, and overall preference) of tofu coagulated with 30% (w/w) 'Tsugaru' apple juice showed the highest scores. Taken together, these results support the possible use of 'Tsugaru' apple juice in producing various foods, as addition of juice enhanced quality, antioxidant properties, and sensory characteristics of tofu.

The Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Determinants of Strong Small Farm: Focusing on Apples (강소농의 공간적 분포특성과 결정요인 분석 -사과를 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Hyun Joong;Lee, Seong Woo
    • Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.961-987
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    • 2012
  • The present study is to investigate the characteristics and determinants of spatial distribution of strong small farm by defining the term, strong small farm (SSF) extracting the SSF households data dealing with apples, from 2010 Census of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Korea. Spatial distribution and concentration of SSF are analyzed based on spatial clustering techniques. We construct discrete dependent variables on strong and non-strong small farms and then analyze the determinants of the SSFs using probit model, with independent variables including population and economic characteristics and management characteristics. As of 2010, the apple SSFs, 1,529 households in total, are geographically concentrated in Gyeonsangbuk-do according to the analysis results. The determinants of SSF are similar to those of farms' earnings. When located in the apple producing area, and participating in producers organization while selling products directly, the farm is highly likely an SSF. The findings and results of the present study are expected to provide fundamental information helpful for preparing and implementing policies for SSFs in that the present study investigates the characteristics of SSF, which is a prerequisite step for SSF-related policies.

Studies on Inhibition of Self-Incompatibility with Micronutrients in Apple (미량요소 첨가가 자가불화합성 억제에 미치는 영향)

  • Chung, Il-Kyung;Son, Tae-Kwon;Kim, Min-Ji
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.285-292
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    • 2012
  • Self-incompatibility (SI) system is a genetic barrier that prevents self-fertilization and promotes cross-pollination among different S genotypes. In many of these species, SI is controlled by a single genetic locus known as S locus, which prevents the fertilization by pollen with same locus. S RNases are the products of the S-locus expressed in the stylar tissue of Fuji Apple with gametophytic self-incompatibility system. This study investigated the various types of chemicals in order to select more effective inhibitors and activators. The effect on the inhibition of S RNase of Fuji apples was investigated $in$ $vitro$. The result showed that the enzyme activity was reduced 24.3% by Iron(II) Sulfate, significantly. $In$ $vitro$ studies of pollen growth tube showed that pollen tube growth had a higher germination rate (90%) in 10% Sucrose than in 2% sucrose extension medium. Data on the fruit set of apples treated with inhibitor and activator. Double application of $A^+$(Apple Plus, ISTECH Co. Ltd.,)+Vitamin B6 had the highest central fruit set as 86.1%(Andong). One time application of $A^{++}$Vitamin B1 in Yeongju obtained the highest central fruit set (91.9%).

Effects of Combined Treatment with High $CO_2$ Concentration and Ascorbic acid on Browning of Fresh-cut 'Fuji' Apples (고농도 $CO_2$와 Ascorbic acid 처리가 신선절단 사과의 갈변에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Sun-Young;Cho, Jung-Seok;Jeong, Moon-Cheol;Moon, Kwang-Deog
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.475-480
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    • 2011
  • This papers were studies the effects of high $CO_2$ concentration pretreatment and ascorbic acid on the browning of fresh-cut apples. The prepared samples were dipped in 1% (w/v) ascorbic acid solution (AA). Fresh-cut apples (3 pieces) were packed in polypropylene bags (0.03 mm, $20{\times}15$ cm), and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 16 days. AA-treated samples showed higher L value than those of non-treated and control (dipped in water without $CO_2$ pretreatment), while non-treated samples showed higher hardness than AA-treated sample. Total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity were not affected by high $CO_2$ pretreatment and AA treatment. These result shows high $CO_2$ concentration pretreatment with dipping in 1% ascorbic acid solution (AA) has an effects on controlling enzymatic browning during the storage of fresh-cut 'Fuji' apples.

Changes of Functional Compounds in, and Texture Characteristics of, Apples, during Post-Irradiation Storage at Different Temperatures (감마선 조사와 저장온도에 따른 사과의 기능성 성분 및 조직감 변화)

  • Yun, Hye-Jeong;Lim, Sang-Yong;Hur, Jung-Mu;Jeong, Jin-Woo;Yang, Soo-Hyung;Kim, Dong-Ho
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.239-246
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    • 2007
  • The effects of gamma irradiation on the physiochemical and physical characteristics of apples were investigated during post-irradiation storage at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. The contents of total and reducing sugars were analyzed and the results indicated that apples receiving 1 kGy of gamma irradiation did not show significant differences in sugar contents compared to non-irradiated controls. Important physiological characteristics were evaluated by measurement of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, reducing power, and radical scavenging ability, and the results indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 1 kGy did not affect physiological activities. Changes in physical parameters such as weight loss, strength, cohesiveness and hardness, during post-irradiation storage, were temperature-dependent, whether the apples were irradiated or not The color and sensory acceptance of the apples were not affected by irradiation during cold storage. However, minor deterioration in color quality and sensory acceptance of irradiated apples was noted under ambient temperature storage. We conclude that gamma irradiation(1 kGy) does not affect apple nutritional content stability, functional properties, or physical characteristics, especially upon cold storage after radiation treatment.