• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.196-202
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of vitamin B complex on stress-induced immune alteration. 21 medical students participated in the study 4 weeks before an academic examination period(baseline), 2 weeks before the exam period and during the exam period. Among them, 10 subjects were given vitamin B complex for 4 weeks, and 11 were not given vitamin B during the whole period. Cell-mediated immune function was measured by lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin(PHA) and interleukin-2(IL-2) production. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were used to measure the level of subjective stress and psychopathology. Vitamin group had significantly lower scores of anxiety scale on SCL-90-R than non-vitamin group. No significant differences were found in lymphocyte proliferative response to PHA and IL-2 production between vitamin and non-vitamin groups during each period. There were no significant differences in change of of each of the two immune parameters over time as well as between vitamin and non-vitamin groups. However, lymphocyte proliferative response to PHA was significantly increased over time. In conclusion, it was suggested that vitamin B complex is likely to decrease anxiety level, and that exam stress might enhance lymphocyte proliferation regardless of vitamin B.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate of attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking, and antioxidant vitamins status between smokers and non-smokers in college male students. Attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking and antioxidant vitamins intake were investigated by a questionnaire. The result obtained were as follows: Anthropometric measurements were no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. The attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking of smokers were different from those of non-smokers(p<0.001). Compared with non-smokers, smokers responded more positively on advantage of smoking, while they felt less negatively on disadvantage of smoking. Systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diatolic blood pressure(DBP) of smokers were significantly higher than those of non-smokers(p<0.05). Although antioxidant vitamins intake was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers, plasma level of vitamin C of smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers(p<0.05). However, plasma level of vitamin E was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1028-1034
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• 2005

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on contents of water-soluble vitamins (vitamins $B_1,\;B_2,\;B_3,\;B_6$, and C) of two commercial tablets ("Multivitamin Dandelion" and "Chewable vitamin C") were investigated. When stored at various temperatures (25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$) with cap, all measured vitamins were stable and degraded very slowly during 24 weeks of storage; low relative humidity (11% RH) without cap also provided stability during storage period. At higher relative humidities (75 and 100% RH), contents of all water-soluble vitamins, except vitamins $B_2\;and\;B_3$, decreased significantly at early storage period. These results showed that stability of water-soluble vitamins is highly dependent on relative humidity rather than storage temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.669-675
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of antioxidant vitamins on the formation of $AFB_{1}-DNA$ adduct and $AFB_{1}-inducing$ cellular oxidative damage. Intraperitoneal(i.p.)injections of 10 mg/kg vitamin C(VC) and 63.8 mg/kg vitamin E(VE) were repeatedly administrated 4 times with 2 days interval to 6 week old male ICR mice. After one hour of vitamin treatments, 0.4 mg/kg $AFB_1$ was injected in $AFB_1$ plus vitamin treated groups by same way. On the other hands, $AFB_1$ treated group was only injected with $AFB_1$ by the same method described above without vitamins. According to quantitative analysis of the $AFB_1$ in mice serum by indirect competitive ELISA, 12.28 and 18.78 ng/mL were detected in $AFB_1-treated$ groups, but 7.60 and 4.85 ng/mL in $AFB_1$ plus VC and VE treated groups, respectively. 23.78, 25.48 ng/mL of $AFB_1-DNA$ adduct were detected in mice liver of $AFB_1$treated groups, while 5.26, 7.81 ng/mL in $AFB_1$ plus VC and VE treated groups, respectively. Consequently, the differences in the concentrations of $AFB_1$ related materials between vitamin treated and non-treated groups were significant. Immunohistochemistry revealed brownish infiltration of $AFB_1$ around central vein and sinusoid in $AFB_1-treated$ group. This manifestation was distinctly reduced in $AFB_1$ plus VC and VE treated groups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1689-1694
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of commercial powdered infant formula for obtaining basic data on infant nutrition. Ten commercial infant formula based on cow's milk were collected and the contents of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin) were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The overall vitamin contents in 100 g and in 100 kcal of infant formula satisfied the recommended formula regulation (KDRIs) and Codex. In infant formula during 0-5 monthly age, fat-soluble vitamin A, D, E, K could supply 178.6%, 205.3%, 208.4%, 976.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. Water soluble vitamins, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 173.2%, 237.2%, 269.8%, 295.9%, 431.6%, 165.8%, 1186.3%, 203.8%, 408.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. In infant formula during 6-11 monthly age, all vitamins satisfied their adequate daily intakes as well. Vitamin A, D, E, K supplied 199.2%, 262.3%, 220.5%, 626.46% of adequate daily vitamin intakes. Vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 179.5%, 210.2%, 264.7%, 241.5%, 206.0%, 166.9%, 699.5%, 247.0%, 475.0% of adequate intake of KDRIs. From this study, evaluation of vitamin contents of commercial infant formula was established, which could strengthen the basic information on infant nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.258-268
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary vitamin A intake and examine major food sources of vitamin A in Korean adults. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects over 19-years-old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intakes of retinol, carotenoids such as ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and vitamin A by linking food consumption data with the vitamin A database of commonly consumed foods. We compared individual vitamin A intakes with the reference value of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Results: Average dietary vitamin A intakes of study subjects were $864.3{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($495.7{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in men and $715.0{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($403.6{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in women. Exactly 42.9% and 70.6% of total subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) based on retinol equivalent and retinol activity equivalent, respectively. The major food sources of vitamin A were Korean radish leaves, carrot, red pepper, and laver, and the top 20 foods provided about 80% of total vitamin A intake. Conclusion: This study provides basic data for estimation of vitamin A intake in Korean adults. Further research will be needed to analyze the association of insufficient or excess intakes of vitamin A and health problems in the Korean population.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2011

Soy sprouts cultured in a lab with five soybean cultivars and three commercial soy sprouts purchased in a market were investigated to compare the mineral and vitamine contents. In case of minerals, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were found as major minerals and a small quantity of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was also analyzed in soy sprout. The all minerals were distributed in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl but their concentration orders were different between in cotyledon and in hypocotyl. After boiling, much of minerals eluted in water, the pattern of release of the minerals from the soy sprout to water was similar in all soy sprouts. The vitamin C was concentrated a great amount in hypocotyl than in cotyledon whereas vitamin B was found in the cotyledon generally. And their contents were reduced after boiling owing to heat-mediated degrading. The vitamin C and B contents were different according to cultivars, which shows chemical composition of soybean seed was important to soy sprout characters. The present results provide a basis for attempt to improve seed quality in soybean breeding program for soy sprout.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 1981

Modified radish Kimchi and radish-root juice were fermented under $N_2$ atmosphere at $22{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$, respectively and their changes of vitamin C content. were determined by dinitrophenylhydrazine and indophenol methods. In the earlier period of the fermentation, vitamin C content decreased temperarily and then began to increase. When the flavor of Kimchi was most acceptable, vitamin C showed the maximum value which eras equivalent to or more than the initial, after which vitamin C content decreased gradually. The increase of vitamin C content seemed to come from the biosynthesis of the vitamin owing to the enzymatic action occurred in radish-root. The addition of galacturonic acid to Kimchi and to radish-root juice elevated the vitamin C content, which suggested galacturonic acid was a good substrate for the synthesis of vitamin C. The optimum pH of the Kimchi fermentation for the better vitamin C content ranged 4.0 to 4.5.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 1979

Degermed brown rice of Akibare (short grain) and Milyang 23 (medium grain) was abraded fiveconsecutive times to remove outer $5{\sim}6%$ of the kernel per milling. Samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine and riboflavin. Milled fraction I (about $5{\sim}6%$ of the kernel) contained 8 times as much calcium and phosphorus as did the original kernel; iron, $4{\sim}5$; thiamine, 3; and riboflavin, 4. Contents of fraction I were much greater than those in the residual kernel; 18 times as great for calcium; $32{\sim}36$ times for phosphorus; $5{\sim}10$ times for iron 5 times for thiamine; and $19{\sim}30$ times for riboflavin. Milyang 23 showed a steeper concentration gradient of calcium and riboflavin, but more even distribution of iron than did Akibare. There were no significant differences in phosphorus and thiamine gradients between the two rices.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.57-67
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• 2016

This study is designed to investigate the differences of ferritin and hemoglobin levels according to the vitamin D state in 23577 Korean adult subjects by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, V. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels are analyzed based on the quintile of vitamin D levels by a generalized linear model. The results of analysis showed that there was a relationship between vitamin D state and hemoglobin levels in females in the reproductive status group (p<0.001). In case of ferritin, there was a relationship with vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group (p<0.001) and males under 65 years old group (p<0.05). Within the male group, high ferritin correlated with low vitamin D state; but in the female group, high ferritin correlated with high vitamin D state. Therefore, it is possible for the ferritin level to be affected by vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group and males under 65 years old group.