• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2004

We studied daily micronutrient intake from vitamin-mineral supplements, health-related life style, clinical case of diseases and food frequency of the Korean middle-aged (40-59 yr, n = 404) to compare the characteristics of non-user (n = 270) and user (n = 134) of vitamin-mineral supplements. Rate of supplement use of the middle-aged was 33.2% and there was significant difference in education level (p = 0.0084) and family income (p = 0.0476) of user and nonuser. Smoking habit (p = 0.0844) and drinking frequency (p = 0.0606) tended to be lower in a supplement user than a non-user. The medical history of a case was significantly higher in users (67.9%) than in non-users (44.4%) (p = 0.001), which suggests that medical history is one of the important motivations of supplement use. Supplement users had the medical history of digestive disease (34.1%), anemia (11.0%) and hypertension (9.9%) in order. Vitamin C was the most frequently supplemented nutrient (81.3%) among vitamin-mineral supplement, and the next orders were vitamins E (73.1%), B$_2$(68.7%) and B$_{6}$ (60.4%). Mean intakes of vitamin B$_1$, iron, selenium, vitamin E, and vitamin C from supplement was 4,260%, 4,030%, 1,660% and 1,330% of RDA, respectively. The supplement users tended to consume most food items including milk ＆ milk products (p ＜ 0.01), rice (p ＜ 0.01), grains (p ＜ 0.05) and cookies (p ＜ 0.01) less frequently than non-users. Conclusively, nutrient intake of vitamin B$_1$, iron, selenium, vitamin E, and vitamin C from supplement was excessively high compared to RDA. We suggest that the toxic effect of excessive supplementation should he informed to supplement user and nutritional education should be focused on the optimal supplement dose.e.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.502-511
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• 2021

In this study, the content of water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin B₁ (thiamin), B₂ (riboflavin), B₃ (niacin), B₅ (pantothenic acid), B₆ (pyridoxine), B₇ (biotin), B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid) in dishes containing meat and seafood consumed in Korea were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. All analyses were performed under strict quality control of vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅, B₆, B₇, B₁₂, and C. The highest content of vitamin B₁ was observed in Bugeo-gangjeong (1.373 mg/100 g) and the highest level of vitamin B₂ (5.162 mg/100 g) was found in pig liver. Bugeo-gangjeong showed the highest content of vitamin B₃ (21.676 mg/100 g), and kkomak-muchim contained considerable amounts (43.310 mg/100 g) of vitamin B₅. Vitamin B₆ was not detected in most seafood dishes except for yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (0.274 mg/100 g) and was present at low levels or not present at all in meat dishes. The highest content of vitamin B₇ was 6.506 ㎍/100 g in saeu-jeon and kkomak-muchim showed the highest content (21.132 ㎍/100 g) of vitamin B₁₂. The highest content of vitamin C was in yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (84.508 mg/100 g). In addition, the analysis methods of each water-soluble vitamin were verified. These results showed that seafood-based ingredients in several dishes could be a good source of water-soluble vitamins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1983

Starchy single cell protein produced by a starch-utilizing yeast, Sporobolomyces holsaticus FRI Y-5 was analyzed for its composition such as intracellular protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins and pigments. It was shown that it contained 33.08% of total carbohydrate, 45.63% of crude protein, 20.01% of crude lipid, 3.24% of ash and 4.46% of pigment. Whole cell extracted by cold and hot NaOH method contained 40.89% of soluble protein and the estimated nucleic acid content from crude and soluble protein contents was about 7.6%. The sulphur-containing amino acids, threonine, isoleucine and valine were analyzed to be the limiting amino acids in the starchy SCP, and the protein score was calculated as 89.4. It was shown from its fatty acid analysis that it contained $6.5%\;of\;C_{16:0}$, $2.4%\;of\;C_{18:0}$, $81.9%\;of\;C_{18:1}$, $3.2%\;of\;C_{18:2}$, and $6.0%\;of\;C_{18:3}$. Also it was observed that it contained, per 100 g of dry cell, 365.33mg of Mg and 282.75mg of K more than Fe and Ca. The content of Vit. $B_2$ was 3.7mg per 100 g of dry cell, but niacin was not detected under this experimental condition. The UV-visible scanning result of pigment extract showed that the yeast contained carotenoid and unknown pigments.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2013

Three commercial exfoliating reagents, product A (main components: citric acid and vitamin C), B (herb) and C (nicotinamide), were used to study their exfoliation effect on abalone, Haliotis discus hannai from the substrate. The exfoliating reagents A, B, C and oxytetracycline (OTC, control) of 6-31.25 g/L and 12-37.5 g/L exfoliated 81.2-84.8% and 90.3-95% of abalone, respectively. Post-treatment recovery time for the abalone was similar for all the reagents except product C. Recovery period for the abalone immersed in OTC for 5-20 second was slightly shorter than the reagents A, B and C; however, no mortality was observed in any group except with the reagents B (concentration: 20 g/L, immersion time: 5 sec) and C (12 g/L, 10 and 20 sec) that showed negligible mortality of 3.3%. Higher concentration and longer treatment with the reagents resulted in longer recovery time of the detached abalone. Although abalone exposed to the reagents needs slightly longer time to recover than that to OTC, the exfoliation effect is much similar. These results indicate that the commercial exfoliating reagents can replace OTC to detach abalone, though they need to be cautiously handled.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 2003

Maternal nutritional status has been shown to influence pregnancy outcomes. And the elevated maternal plasma homocysteine concentrations have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated the effects of maternal serum levels of B vitamins and homocysteine, and the C677T MTHFR (5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) polymorphism on pregnancy outcomes. In 177 pregnant women of 24-28 wks of gestation, the MTHFR gene mutation, serum B vitamins and homocysteine concentrations were measured, and their pregnancy outcomes were investigated from medical records. The birth length, and 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of neonates in the T/T mothers were 45.4 $\pm$ 9.3 cm, 7.6 $\pm$ 3.2 and 8.5 $\pm$ 3.8, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the C/T (48.6 $\pm$ 3.3 cm, 9.0 $\pm$ 0.2, 10.0 $\pm$ 0.2) or the C/C mothers (49.4 $\pm$ 1.9 cm, 9.0 $\pm$ 0.2, 10.0 $\pm$ 0.0). The birth weight, birth length and the gestational age of neonates at delivery from hyperhomocysteinemic mothers whose homocysteine levels higher than 15 $\mu$ mol were 2.5 $\pm$ 1.3 kg, 43.9 $\pm$ 9.0 cm, 35.4 $\pm$ 6.3 wk, respectively, which were significant lower than those from normohomocysteinemic mothers (3.1 $\pm$ 0.6 kg, 48.8 $\pm$ 3.6 cm, 38.5 $\pm$ 2.5 wk). The birth weight and birth length of neonates in mothers whose PLP levels were below the median were significantly lower than those from mothers with the PLP levels above the median. The 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of neonates were lower in mothers with the T/T MTHFR genotype than those with the C/T or C/C only when the serum PLP levels were below the median. The 1-, 5 min Apgar scores and birth length of neonates were lower in mothers with the T/T MTHFR genotype than those with the C/T or C/C only when the serum FMN levels were below the median. In conclusion, maternal B vitamin status, homocysteine and the C677T MTHFR genotype seem to have played an important role on pregnancy outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2018

Recently, there have been many studies on the relationship between the bone metabolism and the mechanism of diabetes. In those studies, it was shown that osteocalcin can be involved in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study examined the correlation between osteocalcin and HbA1c. From January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016, a total of 714 adults aged 40 years or older ($70.8{\pm}10.4years$, 452 males), in whom both osteocalcin and HbA1c checked in a general hospital in Gwangju, were enrolled in the study. The serum calcium, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and 25-(OH) vitamin D were measured and basic information, such as the height and weight, were recorded. There was a weak negative correlation (r=-0.183, P<0.001) between the osteocalcin and HbA1c levels in diabetic patients but a negative correlation (r=-0.251, P<0.001) when adjusted by all other study variables. The present study showed that there was a negative correlation between the osteocalcin and HbA1c levels in diabetic patients. The relationship between the bone metabolism and the incidence of diabetes mellitus should be studied based on the influence of biological mechanisms and associated factors of bone and glucose metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effects of vitamin C and E to moist pellet on growth and body composition in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four groups of diet made : moist pellet (MP) diet group was used as the control group where the ratio of raw feed and commercial compound meal is 5:5 $(CP\;30\%,\;CL\;17\%),$ vitamin C added group (VC), vitamin I added group (VE) and vitamin C and I added group (VCE). The supplementary amount of vitamin C and E corresponded to 1000 mg/kg (dry wt.) and 220mg/kg (dry wt.), respectively. Vitamin C was destroyed $50\%$ and vitamin E was destroyed $20\%$ for manufacturing process. After 8 weeks feeding trial, weight gain was $121.9\%$ in MP group, while it ranged from 180.5 to $184.9\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group. Feed efficiency was $71.\6%$ in MP group, whereas it ranged from 78.7 to $80.6\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed vitamin supplemented diets were significantly higher than control group and no significant difference among the vitamin added groups was observed (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and visceraweight index (VWI) of body composition. Hemoglobin (Hb) was $3.79\%$ in MP group, whereas $4.99\%$ in VC group, $4.55\%$ in VE group and $5.07\%$ in VCE group; Hb was significantly higher in the vitamin added groups than the control group (p<0.05). Vitamin C retention in liver was 18.1, 20.7, 46.6, 54.0 mg/kg in MP, VE, VC and VCE groups, respectively. Vitamin E retention in liver was 25.9, 53.8, 88.2, 124.5 mg/kg in MP, VC, VE and VCE groups, respectively. These results indicate that supplementation of vitamin C and E to moist pellet diet significantly improved growth and feed efficiency of olive flounder, and the mixed addition of vitamin C (1,000 mg/kg dry wt.) and vitamin E (220 mg/kg dry wt.) did not lead to the synergy effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.1055-1061
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• 2014

Innovative freezing technology is currently applied to preserve foodstuffs for long-term storage. Generally, the quality of frozen food is closely related to the types of freezing and thawing processes. In this study, we characterized the physicochemical properties of onions depending on freezing rate. When onions were frozen at $-40^{\circ}C$, freezing rates were 0.1, 0.5, and $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ depending on air-blast quick freezer mode. Onions were thawed by microwave irradiation at 400 W. Hardness of onion dramatically decreased after freezing and thawing compared with blanched onion. However, the fastest freezing rate did not affect hardness. Thawing loss of onion decreased with a faster freezing rate. For morphological observation, onion frozen at a faster rate showed a smaller ice-crystal size. Vitamin C content decreased upon blanching or freezing, but there was no significant difference according to freezing rate. Although free sugar content also decreased upon blanching and freezing, its highest content was at $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ freezing. Among organic acids, malic acid content was highest at $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ freezing. Based on this study, it could be suggested that a faster freezing rate is effective to improve frozen food quality in accordance with preventing tissue damage or minimizing destruction of nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1992

Color of kimchi juice was measured instrumentally to evaluate the quality of Korean cabbage kimchi during fermentation at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 16$^{\circ}C$ . These results were compared with those of chemical analyses of kimchi juice and sensory evaluation for kimchi. Chemiral analyses and sensory evaluation showed that the kimchi has reached pH 4.3, the pH value under an optimum ripening period, after 3-days fermentation at 16$^{\circ}C$ with almost the highest contents of vitamin C and carotenoids as well as desirable sour taste and texture. At 4$^{\circ}C$ the kimchi was unripened after 6-days fermentation. At 16$^{\circ}C$, $L^{*}$ value of kimchi juice did not show any significant change during fermentation periods. However, $a^{*}$ value increased until day 4$^{\circ}C$ and thereafter decreased sharply. $b^{*}$ value increased until day 3 and then showed no change. High correlations were seen between volume of kimchi juice, pH, total acidity and $L^{*}$or $b^{*}$ value, and between carotenoid content and $a^{*}$ value, respectively. It was desirable to use color $a^{*}$ or $b^{*}$ value of kimchi juice to evaluate the quality of kimchi. The kimchi was under an over-ripening period when $a^{*}$ value was equal to or lower than the initial value, or when $b^{*}$ value was almost constant. Predicting an optimum ripening period was possible by using a proportional value of $a^{*/}$ $b^{*}$ , i.e., unripening period, 1 $\geq$ and near 1 ; optimum ripening period, near 0.8 ; over-ripening period, < 0.8.eriod, < 0.8.d, < 0.8.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habits, food intakes, nutrient intakes, and diet quality of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a health screening and promotion center. Methods: The total number of study subjects was 10,111 adults, where 3087 subjects (30.5%) were diagnosed as NAFLD. The dietary intakes were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. They were then compared with the dietary reference intakes could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines s (KDRIs). Results: Mean age of subjects in the normal group was $52.9{\pm}10.3yrs$ and body mass index (BMI) was $22.4{\pm}2.6kg/m^2$, and those of the NAFLD group were $55.1{\pm}9.2yrs$ and $25.4{\pm}2.9kg/m^2$. BMI, blood pressure of the NAFLD group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. The rates of skipping breakfast, overeating, and eating out were significantly could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines er in the NAFLD group (p < 0.05, p < 0.000, p < 0.000 respectively). The speed of eating was fast in the NAFLD group (p < 0.000). The NAFLD group consumed significantly higher amounts of grains, meats, fish, seaweeds, kimchies, sugars, sweets, coffee, teas, and oils compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, intakes of starch products, fruits, milk, and milk products were significantly lower in the NAFLD group compared with those of the normal group (p < 0.05). Riboflavin, calcium, and dietary fiber nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of the NAFLD group were significantly lower than those of the normal group. The Korean's dietary diversity score (KDDS) of the NAFLD group was lower than that of the normal group. Conclusion: In conclusion, we suggest that diet guidelines, such as increasing the intake of calcium and dietary fiber, reducing the intake of energy, fat, and simple carbohydrates, are necessary to improvement of NAFLD. The results could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines for NAFLD.