• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2013

Ambers have been used mostly as beads, jewelry and ornaments from ancient times and excavated as a buried artifact. When excavated, they are severely weathered to be cracked, exfoliated and disintegrated. Monitoring of changes in composition of amber according to weathering is very important for diagnosing the condition of amber and applying conservation materials and techniques. In this study, we tried to find the components of amber by analyzing amber with pyrolysis/GC/MS. The changes in the composition of pyrolzates after artificial ageing for 60 days under heat and oxygen were also observed. Abietic acid was detected as a main component of fresh amber and monoterpene, alkene, aromatic hydrocarbon were detected as major pyrolyzates. Changes with artificial ageing was estimated by comparing the peak area ratio of 23 components, and it was found that abietic acid abruptly decreased in the presence of heat and oxygen together, revealing that oxygen is a key factor to the deterioration of amber. It was also tried to understand the weathered surface of original amber gemstone based on the result of this ageing experiment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.947-954
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed Lactobacillus supplementation with digestive enzymes treatment on the macrophage activation, the induction of nitric oxide(NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophage was exposed to porcine Lactobacillus strains which were digested with both pepsin and pancreatin. The production of NO, TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in the macrophage were strain and dose-dependent, respectively. The induction of NO and cytokines were higher in both 3149 and 3146 strains compared with other Lactobacillus strains. Overall, the level of NO was observed at the lower range between 10 and 150 μg hydrolysates per ml, whereas IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ were observed at relatively higher concentration between 50 and 300 μg hydrolysates per ml. Lactobacillus strains which produced a high level of NO also showed a high induction of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6. Therefore, the present results suggest that hydrolysates of Lactobacillus strains are related to induction of several macrophage mediators, and then it could be beneficially used to modulate gastrointestinal immune function of the host. Also, the methodogly employed in this study might be useful to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria on gastrointestinal immunity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.507-514
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• 2013

In this study, oxalic acid pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was performed at different pretreatment temperatures. Also, we evaluated oxalic acid recovery from hydrolysate by electrodialysis. The fermentable sugar concentration in hydrolysate was high at more than $20g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was carried out at $150^{\circ}C$. At the same time, ethanol production was $3.78g/{\ell}$ after 72 h which correspond to the ethanol yield of 0.21 g/g. On the other hydrolysate (160, $170^{\circ}C$), fermentable sugar was not consumed by Pichia stipitis during fermentation. Most of the oxalic acid was recovered and some of the fermentation inhibitors were removed by electrodialysis. For the electrodialysis treated hydrolysate, ethanol production was increased compared to the original hydrolysate. The highest ethanol production was $5.38g/{\ell}$ after 24 h which correspond to the yield of 0.33 g/g. The ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) under all pretreatment conditions was more than $15g/{\ell}$ after 96 h. The highest ethanol production was $20.54g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was performed at $170^{\circ}C$. In particular, ethanol production was increased, when electrodialysis treated hydrolysate was used for SSF.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.44-50
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• 2006

To characterize thermo-chemical feature of su gar conversion of woody biomass poplar wood (Populus alba${\times}$glandulosa ) by sub- and supercritical water was treated for 60s under subcritical (23 MPa, 325 and $350^{\circ}C$) and supercritical (23 MPa, 380, 400, and $425^{\circ}C$) conditions, respectively. Among degradation products undegraded poplar wood solids existed in aqueous products. As the treatment temperature increased, the degradation of poplar wood was enhanced and reached up to 83.1% at $425^{\circ}C$. The monomeric sugars derived from fibers of poplar wood by sub- and supercritical treatment were analyzed by high performance anionic exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Under the subcritical temperature ranges, xylan, main hemicellulose component in poplar wood, was preferentially degraded to xylose, while cellulose degradation started at the transition zone between sub and supercritical conditions and was remarkably accelerated at the supercritical condition. The highest yield of monomeric sugars amounts to ca. 7.3% based on air dried wood weight (MC 10%) at $425^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 2009

The dechlorination of endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide) and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate via reaction with zerovalent iron under various pH conditions was studied using aqueous solution. The reaction products, which were probably produced from endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate by ZVI were identified by GC-MS. The lower the pH of reaction solution, the higher the transformation rate of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. The transformation rates of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in pH 3.0 by ZVI were 28% and 90% but those of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in mixture solution of water/acetone were 65% and 92%, respectively. The pH of reaction solution after ZVI treatment was increased to pH 10. Endosulfan was hydrolyzed at pH 10 but endosulfan sulfate was not hydrolyzed. Two unknown peaks were produced from endosulfan sulfate by treatment of ZVI. As a result of GC-MS analysis, unknown peaks were guessed to be structural isomer substituted hydrogen for chlorine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1975.12a
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• pp.181.1-181
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• 1975

토양에서 분리한 glucose isomerase를 생성하는 Streptomyces속 균주중에서 xylanase 활성이 가장 높은 균주 Streptomyces sp. K-53을 xylan을 함유한 영양배지에서 배양하여 xylan에 의한 xylanase의 유도 과정과 xylan의 분해산물이 xylose를 이용하여 glucose isomerase를 생성하는 과정의 일연의 관계를 알아보기 위해서 몇가지 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다.(중략)

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.292-299
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• 2014

Iopromide is an X-ray contrast agent that has been detected frequently with high concentration level in surface waters. Structural characterization of degradation products and measurement of degradation efficiency of iopromide by an electron beam irradiation were performed. For the fortified sample with iopromide, electron beam irradiation (UELV-10-10S, klysotrn, 10 MeV, 1 mA and 10 kW) was performed. The chemical structures of I_D_665 and I_D_663, which are degradation products of iopromide, were proposed by interpretation of mass spectra and chromatograms by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The mass fragmentation pathways of mass spectra in tandem mass spectrometry were also proposed. Iopromide was degraded 30.5~98.4% at dose of 0.3~5 kGy, and 97.8~30% in the concentration range $0.5{\sim}100{\mu}g/kg$ at electron beam dose of 0.3 kGy, respectively. Thus, increased degradation efficiency of iopromide by electron beam irradiation was observed with a higher dose of electron beam and lower concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.290-293
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• 2005

장내 단백질 가수분해효소에 의한 casein 분해산물들의 ACE 저해 활성을 비교하기 위하여 인공위액, 인공장액 및 인공위액과 장액 연속처리를 각각 반응조건으로 일정시간 casein을 가수분해한 후 각 효소 가수분해물이 혈압상승 peptide 생성효소인 Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)에 대한 저해활성을 측정하였다. 각 소화액에 따른 가수분해물은 모두 ACE 저해활성을 나타내었으며, 2시간 효소처리를 하였을 때, 인공위액, 인공장액, 인공위액과 장액 가수분해물은 각각 69%, 80% 및 88%로 최대 ACE 저해활성을 보였다. 그리고 casein의 가수분해 정도를 확인하기 위한 SDS-PAGE에서는 인공위액으로 처리한 군보다 인공장액으로 처리한 군이 더 작은 분자량으로 분해되는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 인공위액과 장액을 함께 처리한 군에서는 1시간 안에 대부분의 분해가 이루지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.115-120
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• 1989

Universal characteristics of ginseng replanting problems appeared to be decrease in root yields due to root rot and inhibition of root growth. Incitants of ginseng replanting problems have not been clearly elucidated, however, it appeared to be a complex phenomenon with several pathogenic soil microorganisms and environmental changes in the soil due to decomposition of ginseng debris such as rootlets and shoots. Decomposition of ginseng debris may cause direct or indirect damage to the root. The effect of conventional fungicide on the control of the problems has not been recognized. However, it has been suggested that treatment with soil fumigants may solve the problems. Meanwhile paddy-rice and ginseng rotation system appeared to be the best way of solving the problems so far.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2004

The maximum productivity of ${\alpha}-galactosidase,$ capable of hydrolyzing completely ${\alpha}-D-l,6-galactopyranosyl$ linkages within oligomeric substrates such as melibiose, raffinose and stachyose to liberate galactose residue, was reached to 718 mU/ml in the culture filtrate of Bacillus licheniformis at death phase. The ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ was identified to show different efficiencies for hydrolyzing the ${\alpha}-galactooligosaccharides$ according to analysis of reaction products by both TLC and quantification of the liberated reducing sugars. The enzyme was active on ${\alpha}-galactooligosaccharides$ in the order of melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. Though the hydrolyzing activity of enzyme was faintly inhibited by reaction products such as galactose, glucose and sucrose with amounts of five folds more than the added substrates (20 mM), the largest inhibition of enzyme activity was caused by galactose among the end products. Unknown compound, which migrated slower than melibiose on TLC, was detected during hydrolysis reaction of melibiose, suggesting that the ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ has a glycosyl transferase activity. In addition, the enzyme was able to hydrolyze efficiently raffinose and stachyose existed in the soluble extract of soybean meal.