• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2019

It is well known there are a lot of undeveloped energy resource in the Arctic circle. As global warming enables the use of Arctic sea routes, the interest in Arctic resource development is increasing. Recently, polar neighbors and developed countries are actively promoting construction project in Arctic circle. However, the issue of environmental pollution caused by Arctic resource development has been raised. Today, environmental issues have a significant impact on the success of the project as well as on the costs of Arctic development projects. Therefore, it is necessary to secure a technology related to energy resource development and transportation for the Arctic resource project. In addition, the establishment of strategy for environmental impact assessment (EIA) is important. This paper shows the characteristics and procedures of EIA for developing Arctic resources, and reviews how to construct the systematically management of the necessary information. This system consists of a database required for environmental impact assessment and its application. The system is expected to be utilized for strategic development projects in the Arctic.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.321-349
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• 2016

According to the recent observation by NOAA(US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2015 is the warmest year based on global average temperature since 1880. The air temperatures in the Arctic have been rising at almost twice the global average and the extent and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic have declined. And the warming process in the Arctic is accelerating rapidly. These impacts of drastic change in sea ice caused by climate change in the Arctic threaten the eco-system service and biodiversity in the Arctic. This study intends to estimate the economic value on changes in eco-system services and biodiversity of the Arctic caused by climate change. The result of the valuation indicates that the total benefit from improvement of ecosystem in the Arctic ranges from 318.6 billion won to 715.9 billion won per annum. Replication scenarios can be explored into two broad categories in future studies: scenarios in consideration of conflicts of different stakeholders and scenarios based on wider or narrower definition of biodiversity in the Arctic.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.88-90
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• 2013

최근 지구온난화의 영향으로 하절기 북극해의 얼음이 예상보다 빨리 녹고 있어 북극해항로의 상용화가 더욱 가속화될 전망이다. 지난해 여름 북극해빙의 크기는 1979년 인공위성관측 이래 최소치를 기록하였으며 또한 다년생 얼음구성비율도 낮아져 대부분이 1년생 얼음으로 대체됨으로써 선박의 운항기간도 점차 늘어나게 되었다.. 이러한 해빙의 가속화가 지속된다면 2030년경에는 북극해의 얼음이 완전히 녹을 것으로 예측되고 있다. 한편 러시아의 NSR 개방이후 비러시아 선박으로서는 2009년 독일 벨루가 선사 소속의 화물선 두 척이 NSR을 통과한 이래 지난 해에는 46척, 금년에는 그 수가 더욱 급격히 늘어나고 있어 앞으로 한.중.일의 NSR 선점경쟁이 더욱 치열해질 것으로 예상된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.181-182
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• 2018

지속되는 지구 온난화 현상으로 인해 해빙 속도가 가속화되면서, 북극 항로 활용의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 북극해의 지형과 해빙 상태를 모두 고려한 최적 북극 항로 계획 방법을 제안하였다. 먼저, 연료 소모량을 최소화하는 항로를 탐색하기 위해 북극 항로 계획을 각종 지표를 전산화한 최적화 문제로 정식화하였다. 또한, 해빙을 고려하기 위해 POLARIS 규정을 고려한 선박의 운항 제약 조건을 추가하였다. 제안된 방법을 이용해 최적 북극 항로를 탐색한 결과, 안전하고 경제적인 항로를 도출할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.247-248
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• 2009

북극의 환경은 해빙의 변동에 민감하게 반응하며, 해빙(sea-ice)의 증감은 지구 온난화의 지표이기도 하다. 따라서, 지구의 기후변동의 과정을 이해하고 예측하기 위해서는, 북극 해빙의 변동에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위한 방법으로, 1970년대부터 인공위성의 원격탐사방법인 수동마이크로파 센서를 사용해 왔으며, 해빙의 면적과 유형을 판단하는데 효과적이다. 본 논문에서는, 북극 해빙분포의 계절 및 연 변동의 특성을 이해하기 위하여, 북위 60 이상에 대한 2002년 7월부터 2009년 5월까지의 수동마이크로파 센서 AMSR-E 12.5km 해빙농도(SIC)자료(기폰 수동마이크로파 센서보다 2배의 해상도)를 사용하였다. 여름 최저 해빙역 시점의 자료에 의하면, 북극 해빙면적은 점차 줄어드는 추세를 나타내고 있으며, 그 감소율은 연간 3.1%로 이것은 약 0.2백만$km^2$의 해빙이 줄어들고 있다는 것을 의미한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.200-202
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• 2019

북극해의 해빙 감소와 러시아 야말반도의 LNG 자원 개발 등으로 북극항로를 이용한 선박의 화물운송이 점차 증가하고 있다. 극지 해역 운항선박의 안전운항과 해양환경보호를 위하여 IMO Polar Code가 2017년 1월부터 강제 발효되었으며, SOLAS협약과 MARPOL73/78 협약에 추가되어 시행되고 있다. 이에 대응하기 위하여 해양수산부 해양안전 및 해양교통시설기술개발 사업으로 2014년 11월부터 2018년 12월까지 KRISO 주관으로 '북극항로를 운항하는 선박의 항해안전 지원시스템 개발' 과제를 수행하여 KRISO Arctic safe Routing System(KARS)을 개발하였다. 한편, Polar Code에서는 빙해구역을 운항하는 선박의 구조적인 안전성을 확보하기 위한 평가 기준으로 Polar Operational Limit Assessment Indexing System (POLARIS)을 제안하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 연구배경, KARS 및 POLARIS에 대해서 간략히 설명을 하고, 두 가지 방법으로 북극해 최적항로를 각각 시뮬레이션하여 그 차이를 비교 검토하여 보인다. 결과적으로 KARS는 POLARIS를 기본적으로 고려함으로서 선박의 구조적인 안전성을 확보함과 동시에 연료소모량을 최소화 하는 경로를 탐색하므로 보다 최적화된 경로를 줄 수 있다. 향후 지속적인 수정보완 작업을 통해서 완성도를 높여갈 예정이며, 검증단계를 거쳐서 최적하고 안전한 항로와 운항 관련 정보를 선사와 해기사에게 제공하고, 북극항로 중 단기 운항계획 수립과 항해사의 안전 운항을 지원할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.121-148
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• 2023

The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice has increased interest in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as a viable alternative trade route between Europe and Asia. While extensive research has examined its competitiveness in terms of technical feasibility, safety, profitability, and environmental impact, the topic of the NSR ports remains relatively underrepresented in the literature. Hence, this study aims to contribute to the existing research by assessing the efficiency of 17 NSR ports to gain insights into their operations and identify areas for improvement using models of Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA). The obtained results show that efficient ports mainly belong to the western NSR region, with ports like Murmansk and Varandei consistently demonstrating high efficiency and constant returns to scale. Several ports, such as Onega, Arkhangelsk, Naryan-Mar, and Khatanga, showed inefficiencies in the utilization of berths and quay lengths. The findings not only contribute to academic knowledge but also offer practical implications for NSR port authorities, assisting them in making well-informed decisions regarding infrastructure development plans.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-251
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• 2015

Recently, It became possible to transport freights and energy resources via Northern Sea Route(NSR) as global warming has been accelerated. As a result, all countries of the world and Korean local governments have had a struggle to take the advantageous position first in NSR development. However, this extreme competitions might have a negative effect on the national port industry and cause unnecessary social costs and economic losses. Therefore, the main target of this study is to find the most suitable port for NSR using AHP analysis. Most of the data was gained from previous literatures and public statistics and the weight of each factor was calculated by the result of expert survey. As a result, Busan port has the biggest competitiveness, followed by Yeosu Gwangyang, Ulsan and Incheon. From the result, this study suggested 3 possible scenarios. The first scenario specializing Busan port in NSR focuses more on developing the related businesses such as repair of ships, refueling, ship stores trade than attracting the more cargoes. the second is a strategy to make Ulsan port as a hub for energy resources, especially liquid cargo on NSR. the last is a mixed one to assign suitable roles to the ports according to their competitive capabilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.69-70
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• 2013

IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) reported that the arctic sea-ice extent has been decreased by 2.7% per decades since satellite observations in 1978. The decreased sea-ice extent has gained an international attention due to its economical benefits from the NSR (Northen Sea Route). The NRS - not a clearly defined single route, but a number of alternative routes across the top of Russiahas a 37 % reduction in sailing distance, comparing to the SSR (Southen Sea Route) passing thourgh the Suez Canal. Sailing days are consequently reduced from 30 days to 20 days. Also, it is estimated that the Northen Sea has 20 to 25% of world's oil resources and occupies 40% of the world's fishery production. As Republic of Korea was admitted as an observer to the Arctic Council on May 15, 2013, there has been increasing needs to explore new route in the Northen Sea. In this situation, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST) is preparing a plan for the development of Arctic-circle Ocean Environmental Information System to support the ice navigation and resource exploration in the Arctic. We will introduce a conceptual design of a satellite-based ice navigation supporting system for the northern sea route.

• Maritime Security
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.151-184
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• 2021

Global warming due to climate change is one of the biggest challenges in the 21st century. Global warming is not only a disaster that threatens the global ecosystem but also an opportunity to reduce logistics costs and develop mineral resources by commercializing Arctic routes. The Arctic paradox, in which ecological and environmental threats and new economic opportunities coexist, is expected to have a profound impact on the global environment. As the glaciers disappear, routes through the Arctic Ocean without passing through the Suez and Panama Canals emerged as the 'third route.' This can reduce the distance of existing routes by 30%. Global warming has also brought about changes in the geopolitical paradigm. As Arctic ice begins to melt, the Arctic is no longer a 'constant' but is emerging as the largest geopolitical 'variable' in the 21st century. Accordingly, the Arctic, which was recognized as a 'space of peace and cooperation' in the post-Cold War era, is now facing a new strategic environment in which military and security aspects are emphasized. After the Cold War, the Arctic used to be a place for cooperation centered on environmental protection, but it is once again changing into a stage of competition and confrontation between superpowers, heralding 'Cold War 2.0.' The purpose of this study is to evaluate the strategic value of the Arctic Ocean from geopolitical and geoeconomic perspectives and derive strategic implications by analyzing the dynamics of the New Cold War taking place in the Arctic region.