• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.32-45
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• 2014

The study attempts to interpret original location and landscape composition of Yowol-pavilion Garden under the premise that tablet and poetry are important criteria for inference of unique location and landscape composition of a pavilion garden. The study raises the meaning, status, and value of Yowol Pavilion Garden as a cultural asset. The results of the study are as follows. First, Yowol-pavilion Garden was a place where famous Confucius scholars in Joseon Dynasty in 16th Century, including Kim, Kyung-Woo, the owner of the garden, used to share the taste for the arts and poetries with their colleagues. Along with a main characteristic of Yowol Pavilion Garden as a hideout for the Confucius scholars who stayed away from a political turmoil, the new place characteristic of the garden, a bridgehead for the formation of regional identity, was discovered in the record of "Joseon-Hwanyeo-Seungram Honam-Eupji JangSeong-Eupji", As described in "The first creative poetry of Yowol-pavilion", the intention for the creation of Yowol-pavilion Garden and the motive for its landscape composition is interpreted as a space of rivalry where the world, reality and ideals are mixed up. Second, related to outstanding scenic factors and natural phenomena when taking a view from the pavilion, the name of the house 'Yowol', which means 'Greeting the moon rising on the Mt. Wolbong' is the provision of nature and taste for the arts, and is directly connected to the image of leaving the worldly. In other words, the name was identified to be the one that reflected the intention for landscape composition to follow the provision of nature separating from joy and sorrow of the mundane world. Third, as for the location, it was confirmed through "YeongGwang-Soksu-Yeoji-Seungram" that Yowol-pavilion Garden was a place where the person who made the pavilion prepared for relaxation after stepping down from a government post, and literature and various poetry show that it was also a place of outstanding scenic where Yellow-dragon River meandered facing Mt. Wolbong. Especially, according to an interview with a keeper, the visual perception frequency of the nightscape of Yowol-pavilion Garden is the highest when viewing by considering the east, the direction of Yellow-dragon River, as Suksigak[normal angle's view], towards Yowel-pavilion from the keeper's house. In addition, he said that the most beautiful landscape with high perception strength is when the moon came up from the left side of Yowol-pavilion, cuts across the Lagerstroemia india heal in front of Yowol-pavilion, and crosses the meridian between Mt. Wolbong peaks facing Yowol-pavilion. Currently, the exposure of Yowol-pavilion Garden is $SE\;141.2^{\circ}$, which is almost facing southeast. It is assumed that the exposure of Yowol-pavilion Garden was determined considering the optimized direction for appreciating the trace of the moon and the intention of securing the visibility as well as topographic conditions. Furthermore, it is presumed that the exposure of Yowol-pavilion Garden was determined so that the moon is reflected on the water of Yellow-dragon River and the moon and its reflection form a symmetry. Fourth, currently, Yowol-pavilion Garden is divided into 'inner garden sphere' composed of Yowol-pavilion, meeting place of the clan and administration building, and 'outer garden sphere' which is inclusive of entrance space, Crape Myrtle Community Garden and Pine Tree Forest in the back. Further, Yowol-pavilion Garden has been deteriorated as the edge was expanded to 'Small lake[Yong-so] and Gardens of aquatic plants sphere' and recently-created 'Yellow-dragon Pavilion and park sphere'. Fifth, at the time it was first made, Yowol-pavilion Garden was borderless gardens consisting of mountains and water taking a method of occupying a specific space of nearby nature centering around pavilion by embracing landscape viewed from the pavilion, but interpreted current complex landscapes are identified to be entirely different from landscapes of the original due to 'Different Changes', 'Fragmentation' and 'Apart piece' in many parts. Lastly, considering that Yowol-pavilion Garden belongs to the Cultural Properties Protection Zone, though not the restoration to the landscapes of the original described in tablet and literature record, at least taking a measure from the aspect of land use for minimizing adverse effect on landscape and visual damage is required.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.143-144
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• 2001

경기육괴의 남서부에 해당하며 옥천구조대의 북쪽에 위치한 백동-홍성 일대의 충청남도 일원에는 선캠브리아기의 편마암복합체내에 초염기성암체들이 소규모 렌즈상의 암체로 이 지역에 우세한 구조선 방향인 북북동 방향으로 배열되어 산출된다. 이들 초염기성암채들이 조산대에 형성되는 알파인형이며 전형적인 상부 맨틀기원의 암석이 부분용융된 맨틀 잔여물로서 지표로의 이동과정에서 변성작용을 받아 대부분은 사문석화 혹은 활석화된 것으로 보고되어 있다. 본 연구의 주대상인 변성염기성암을 포함하는 백동지역의 초염기성암은 홍성도폭내 덕정리 편암암체 내에 주변 편마암체와 단층으로 접하면서 나타난다. 덕정리 편마암체는 주로 각섬석 화강편마암으로 구성되어있다. 백동지역의 초염기성암내에는 변성염기성암이 층상으로 협재되어 나타난다. 이들 변성염기성암은 석류석, 단사휘석, 각섬석, 사장석으로 주로 이루어진 석류석 각섬암이며 금홍석도 포함하고 있다. 많은 석류석 주변에는 사장석과 각섬석으로 이루어진 심플렉타이트가 발달되어있다. 석류석 각섬암내 심플렉타이트가 형성되지 않은 석류석 가장자리로부터 계산된 변성 온도-압력 조건은 590-72$0^{\circ}C$, 9-l0kb이며 심플렉타이트가 잘 형성된 석류석 주변부로부터는 490-$600^{\circ}C$, 4-6.3kb의 변성 온도-압력 조건이 계산되었다. 이에 반해 변성염기성암을 포함한 초염기성암체 주변에 나타나는 석류석-각섬석 화강편마암으로 부터는 570-78$0^{\circ}C$, 11.6-l6kb의 변성 온도-압력 조건을 얻었다. 석류석 각섬암에서 석류석내에 포획물로 나타나는 휘석(Xjd, 4-11)이 기질에 나타나는 휘석(Xid, 1-6)보다 높은 제이다이트 성분을 갖는다. 이는 석류석 중심부가 석류석 주변부보다 변성압력 조건이 높았을 가능성을 지시한다. 즉 연구지역의 석류석 각섬암은 주변의 각섬석 화강편마암과 같이 에콜로자이트상-상부각섬암상-고압백립암상의 점이대에 해당하는 변성작용을 받은후 초염기성암의 사문암화 작용시기에 1차 후퇴변성작용을 그리고 그후의 활석화 시기에 심플렉타이트를 형성하는 2차 후퇴변성작용을 받았다. 이러한 후퇴변성작용시기에 많은 유체가 침입하였고 그 결과 초염기성암내의 변성염기성암이 주변 화강편마암보다 후퇴변성작용을 강하게 받았을 것으로 예상된다. 변성염기성암의 변성연대를 구하기 위해 두 석류석 각석암 시료에 대해 석류석-전암 Sm-Nd 등시선 연령을 구하였다. 두 개의 석류석 각섬암으로부터 계산된 전암-석류석 연령은 297.9$\pm$5.7(2$\sigma$)Ma 그리고 268.7$\pm$3.3(2$\sigma$)Ma를 나타낸다. 석류석의 Sm-Nd 폐쇄온도가 700-75$0^{\circ}C$임을 고려할 때 두 석류석 각섬암으로부터 계산된 연대는 최고 변성작용 혹은 초기 냉각 시기를 지시할 가능성이 높다. 한편 전암의 두 동위원소 자료로부터 계산된 전암의 연령은 408Ma이다. 이러한 연구 결과는 연구지역의 석류석 각섬암이 시루리아기 후기 혹은 데본기 초기에 관입 후 석탄기 후기에서 페름기 중기에 주변 화강편마암과 함께 섭입작용을 받았을 가능성을 지시한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1986

In order to get the fundamental information that could be useful to judge the potentiality of occurrence of rapid shallow landslide in the objective slope, factors selected on Jinhae regions in Korea, where many landslides were caused by heavy rainfall of daily 465 mm and hourly 52mm in August 1979, was carried out through the multiple statistics of quantification method (II) by the electronic computer. The net system with $2{\times}2cm$ unit mesh was overlayed with the contour map of scale 1:5000. 74 meshes of landslides and 119 meshes of non-landslide were sampled out to survey the state of vegetative cover and geomorphological conditions, those were divided into 6 items arid 27 categories. As a result, main factors that would lead to landslide were shown in order of vegetation, slope type, slope position, slope, aspect and numbers of stream. Particularly, coniferous forest of 10 years old, concave slope and foot of mountain were main factors making slope instability. On the contrary, coniferous forest of 20-30 years old, deciduous forest, convex slope and summit contributed to the stable against Landslide. The boundary value between two groups of existence and none of landslides was -0.123, and its prediction was 72%. It was well predicted to divide into two groups of them.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.169-178
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• 2013

How do Korean and Chinese consumers to use counterfeit behavior? Began to research the question. Among consumers in Korea and China, Counterfeiting Usage and counterfeit attitude, counterfeit satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors were investigated. Differences in perception and for each what was confirmed. The results of this study are as follows. First, it showed significant difference for the Korean and Chinese consumers prefer to counterfeit brand, high preference, Louis Vuitton for consumers, while consumers in China also showed high preference for Chanel. Second, Korean and Chinese consumers prefer to counterfeit brand clothing and shoes there was a significant difference. In particular, The North Face brand of high preference, while Korean consumers, Chinese consumers a higher preference for the Converse brand. Third, the Korean consumer counterfeit compared to the Chinese consumer attitudes to higher moral awareness is interpreted. Fourth, South Korea and China all counterfeit consumer satisfaction factors showed the highest response rate of the price will be cheaper. Finally, South Korea and China all counterfeit consumer dissatisfaction factors showed the highest response rate of quality is not good enough. Future through an in-depth understanding of Korea and China of counterfeit consumer behavior, these findings will be useful to formulate a campaign strategy, to reduce the use of counterfeit.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2005

In the previous studies, settlement behaviors of granular compaction piles have generally been analyzed with an evaluation of the settlement reduction factor based on tile load-sharing ratio and the replacement ratio. In this approach, however, since the reinforced ground with granular compaction piles is simplified as the composite ground, only the difference of a relative vertical strength between piles and soils is taken into account without reflecting lateral behaviors of granular compaction piles. In the companion research paper, the method of estimating the settlement of granular compaction piles was proposed by synthetically considering a vertical strength of the ground, lateral behaviors of granular compaction piles, the strength of pile materials, a pile diameter, and an installation distance of the pile. In the presented study, to validate a propriety of the previously proposed method, large scale field load tests and three dimensional numerical analyses are performed. The results are analyzed in detail and compared with the predicted settlements by the proposed method. Finally, a simple method to estimate the settlement of granular compaction piles is suggested for an easy application of the practical design.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.683-692
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• 2020

A joint displacement resistance evaluation method for selecting waterproofing materials in railway bridge decks is proposed. The displacement range for an evaluation is determined by finite element method (FEM) analysis of a load case based on an existing high-speed PSC Girder Box railroad bridge structure. The FEM analysis results were used to calculate the minimum joint displacement range to be applied during testing (approximately 1.5 mm). For the evaluation, four commonly used waterproofing membrane types, cementitious slurry coating (CSC), polyurethane coating system (PCS), self-adhesive asphalt sheet (SAS), and composite asphalt sheet (CAS), were tested, with five specimens of each membrane type. The joint displacement width range conditions, including the minimum displacement range obtained from FEM analysis, were set to be the incrementing interval, from 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mm. The proposal for the evaluation criteria and the specimen test results demonstrated how the evaluation method is important for the sustainability of high-speed railway bridges.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.20-28
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• 2020

According to the 3020 RE (renewable energy) policy of the Korean Government, distributed generators, including PV (photovoltaic) and WP (wind power) systems, have been installed and operated in distribution systems. On the other hand, if large-scale PV systems are interconnected in a distribution system, the spread of PV systems may be postponed due to a reduction of the hosting capacity in PV systems because of the over-voltage phenomena at the customer end by violating the allowable voltage limits. Under these circumstances, this paper proposes an evaluation algorithm of the hosting capacity of a PV system based on the LDC (line drop compensation) method of SVR (step voltage regulator) to improve the hosting capacity when large-scale PV systems are installed in a distribution system. Moreover, this paper presents a modeling of a complex distribution system, which is composed of a large-scale PV system and SVR with the LDC method using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed algorithm and modeling are useful and practical tools for improving the hosting capacity of a PV system because the customer voltages are maintained within the allowable voltage limits even if 6.5[MW] of the PV system is installed in a distribution system with the LDC method of SVR.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.54-61
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• 2008

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) technology has been focused in contaminated groundwater remediation. It is necessary to select adequate reactive material according to characteristics of contaminant in groundwater. In this research, the reaction between reactive material and heavy metal contaminants was estimated through column test. Reactive material was slag, which has been produced in Gwangyang power plant, and heavy metal contaminants were cadmium, lead and copper. Column test was performed in the condition of 1) single and multi contaminated solution and 2) different initial concentration of cadmium. Retardation factor of cadmium is 3.94 in multi contamination. But that of copper is 40.3 in single and 25 in multi. The difference of retardation between cadmium and copper is due to affinity, resulted from the difference of electronegativity. In multi-contamination, copper effluent concentration was above initial copper concentration and at the same time lead effluent concentration was decreased. This phenomenon was considered that lead extract copper sorbed in slag and then lead was sorbed to the vacant sorption site instead. And as the initial concentration was increased, the retardation factor of cadmium became decreased.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 2014

Heat of hydration of mass concrete is one of the most important factors that significantly affect structural quality and construction period. Therefore, appropriate methods to control heat of hydration are essential technologies for mass concrete construction. In this study, probability of thermal cracking was checked by thermal analysis prior to the construction of a turbine foundation in a domestic power plant. Subsequently, changes of concrete mix proportion and an effective curing method were proposed to control heat of hydration of mass concrete structures. Concrete manufactured by slag cement was proposed instead of concrete produced by ordinary Portland cement, and an automated curing method was proposed to improve the curing method using typical moist curing with blanket. The automated curing method maintains the temperature difference between center and surface of concrete below a setting value by temperature monitoring. Concrete with slag cement was used for actual construction. One of two identical turbine foundations was cured by an insulated curing method, and the other was cured by the automated curing method to compare the curing methods. And then, the effects of control of heat of hydration were evaluated based on temperature/strain monitoring and crack investigations.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2017

The mechanical characteristics of frozen sand greatly depend on the frozen temperature and the fine contents according to the previous study by Chae et al. (2015). There are two hypotheses to explain this experimental results; one is the unfrozen water contents greatly affected by the fine contents and frozen temperature and the other is the sand particle spacing greatly affected by the pore-ice. To evaluate the latter hypothesis, the micro X-ray CT scan was performed. The micro X-ray CT scanning, one of the actively performed interdisciplinary research area, has a high resolution with micrometer unit allows to investigate internal structure of soils. In this study, X-ray CT technique was applied to investigate the effect of the frozen temperature and fine contents on the sand particle minimum and average spacing with the developed image processing techniques. Based on the spacing analysis, the frozen temperature and fine contents have little influence on the sand particle spacing in the frozen sand specimens.