• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.21-44
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the family instability on the elderly suicide and to examine the change over time. An analytical model of causal structure was set up with residence, family instability and socioeconomic level as explanation variables for this study. The cause of death statistics and micro-data from the vital statistics for 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used. Family instability was measured through divorce, and the rate of elderly(male and female) suicide as well as the suicide rate of the elderly and those in their 20-50's was used for this analysis to examine the effect of divorce. This study hypothesized about family instability and elderly suicide through a literature review. This paper presents maps of the suicide rate by using GIS, and then ANOVA and regression analysis are carried out to verify a difference in the elderly suicide rate affected by residence and divorce. Divorce rate appears in most areas with a high level centering around metropolises except the central inland area. The rate of elderly suicide which stayed in only specific regions with a high level has increased as time went by, and the graph leveled high in most regions except the southwestern coast. In addition, the elderly suicide rate was increased rapidly in rural areas for the most recent 10 years. This shows the seriousness of problems of the aged in rural areas. Through the periods of economic crisis, a sudden increase in divorce causes family instability, which increase the suicide rate increasing. Divorce affects the elderly suicide rate and the 20-50s' suicide rate in the same way, and the stronger effect goes to the elderly rather than those in their 20-50s'. Regarding elderly suicide, the divorce has a different effect by gender, affecting males more than females. With these facts, we can draw the conclusion that family instability has the most significant effect on elderly males' suicide.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.710-718
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• 1994

We suggest a statistical thermodynamic theory for the conformational transition of a synthetic alanine (Ala), ${\alpha}$-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) alternative oligopeptide, Buo-(Ala-Aib)$_n$-oMe, where the terminal groups Buo and oMe stand for t-butoxy and methoxy, respectively. Pure Aib homo-oligomers have always been found to adopt $3_{10}$ helical conformations, while polyalanine has always $\alpha$ helical conformation. In an organic solvent (e.g. $CD_3$CN) it shows that the length for the $3_{10}$/${\alpha}$ helix transitions of Buo-(Ala-Aib)$_n$-oMe, is 8 at room temperature. In an aqueous solution oligopeptide has always coil conformation at room temperature. In an organic solution, helical structures of the oligopeptide are more stable than coil structure, so we studied the $$3_{10}/\alpha$ helix transitions, considering coiled-conformations, coiled and $3_{10}$ helical conformations, and coiled and $\alpha$ helical conformations by using the zipper model. We determined the values of parameters ($\sigma_A$, $\sigma_T$, $\xi_A$, $\xi_T$) from the relating published data; $\sigma_A$ = 0.00011, $\sigma_T$ = 0.0060, $\xi_A$ = 10.1, $\xi_T$ = 3.90. The distributions of $\alpha$ helical length can be N-2, N-3, N-4, ${\cdots}$, 3, 2, 1 (N = 2n) while those of $3_{10}$ helical length, N-1, N-2, N-3, N-4, ${\cdots}$, 3, 2, 1.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.111-132
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the therapeutic compliance and its related factors in rural women with osteoporosis. A questionnaire survey was performed from April to May in 2000 for 140 osteoporotic patients who were diagnosed from April to June in 1999 through community health program. The study employed the health belief model for predicting and explaining sick role behavior. The analysis techniques employed included contingency table analysis and path analysis using LISREL. The major results of this study were as follows: Of the subjects, 12.1% were continuously complaint, 53.6% were intermittently compliant, and 34.3% were non- compliant to calcium supplement therapy. As the result of path analysis, the therapeutic compliance was significantly higher(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0) as patients had higher perceived severity of disease, lower perceived barriers of treatment, and when patients thought their disease status as severe. As the patients had higher educational level, more experience of mass media contact or health education about osteoporosis, and when family had more concern for patient treatment, they had higher perceived susceptibility of complication(bone fracture)${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0). The patients had higher perceived severity(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0) as they had more educational level, more advice for treatment from their doctors, and when family had more concern for their treatment. As the patients had more advice for treatment from their doctors and when family had more concern for their treatment, they had higher perceived benefit of treatment and lower perceived barriers to treatment(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0). In order to improve the therapeutic compliance in rural osteoporotic women, it would be necessary that the patient should recognize their disease severity properly. And the perceived barriers should be removed through supportive environments for osteoporosis treatment such as doctor 's more advice and family 's more concern for treatment. In addition, effective and continuous management system for osteoporotic patients should be established.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.39-58
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• 2019

This study performed the dam watershed storm runoff modeling using GPM(Global Precipitation Measurement) satellite rain and KIMSTORM2(KIneMatic wave STOrm Runoff Model 2) distributed model. For YongdamDam watershed(930㎢), three heavy rain events of 25th August 2014, 11th September 2017, and 26th June 2018 were selected and tested for 4 cases of spatial rainfalls such as (a) Kriging interpolated data using ground observed data at 7 stations, (b) original GPM data, (c) GPM corrected by CM(Conditional Merging), and GPM corrected by GDA(Geographical Differential Analysis). For the 4 kinds of data(Kriging, GPM, CM-GPM, and GDA-GPM), the KIMSTORM2 was calibrated respectively using the observed flood discharges at 3 water level gauge stations(Cheoncheon, Donghyang, and Yongdam) with parameters of initial soil moisture contents, stream Manning's roughness coefficient, and effective hydraulic conductivity. The total average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) for the 3 events and 3 stations was 0.94, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.94, determination coefficient(R²) was 0.96, 0.92, 0.97 and 0.96, the volume conservation index(VCI) was 1.03, 1.01, 1.03 and 1.02 for Kriging, GPM, CM-GPM, and GDA-GPM applications respectively. The CM-GPM and GDA-GPM showed better results than the original GPM application for peak runoff and runoff volume simulations, and they improved NSE, R², and VCI results.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 1988

Estradiol-17${\beta}$($E_2$) levels in the blood were estimated according to varying the time and amount of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$. $Clomid^{(R)}$ were administered on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th menstrual day corresponding to the recruitment period and on the 5th menstrual day corresponding to the selection period of the ovarian follicles, respectively. And $Clomid^{(R)}$ were administered 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg/day, repectively. The effects of the sequential HMG to $E_2$ levels in the blood were also estimated. The results were as following : 1. Blood $E_2$ levels according to the day and amount of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were the highest in the group 3(D $2{\sim}6$, 150 mg/day, with HMG) and the lowest in the group 6(D $5{\sim]9$, 50 mg/day, without HMG). $E_2$ levels showed increasing tendency to 0 day. 2. In the cases of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $2nd{\sim}6th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the amount were similar among groups and showed increasing tendency daily. 3. In the cases of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $2nd{\sim}6th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG independent of the amount of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were higher in the with HMG group than without HMG groups. 4. In the case of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $5th{\sim}9th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the amount were the highest in the 100 mg/day group and the lowest in the 50mg/day group. 5. In the cases of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ independent of the amount during the 5th${\sim}$9th menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG were higher in the with HMG group than without HMG group. 6. $E_2$ levels according to the amount independent of the day of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were the highest in the 100 mg/day group and 150 mg/day, 50 mg/day group in low sequence. 7. $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG independent of the day and amount of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were higher in the with HMG group than the without HMG group. 8. $E_2$ levels according to the day of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ independent of the amount of $Clomid^{(R)}$ and sequential HMG were the highest in the group D 2${\sim}$6 and the lowest in the group D 5${\sim}$9. According to the above results, there were higher $E_2$ levels in the group with sequential HMG than without HMG. Therefore, the hypothesis, postulated initially by the author, was not verified that sequential HMG would not affect the $E_2$ levels which were related to the process of the selection of the ovarian follicle in the connection with 'FSH window'. Because it may be the stimulation after the selection of later predominant follicle. And the highest level of $E_2$ was estimated in the $Clomid^{(R)}$ 150 mg/day group with sequential HMG on the 2nd${\sim}$6th day, and the higher levels were estimated in the 2nd${\sim}$6th day, 3rd${\sim}$7th day and 4th${\sim}$8th day groups than the 5th${\sim}$9th day group. The lower levels were estimated in the $Clomid^{(R)}$ 50 mg/day group without HMG than 100 mg/day and 150 mg/day on the 5th${\sim}$9th day. Therefore, further study will be needed that combines analyses of the E2 levels in the blood according to the various administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ with or without sequential HMG and determination of the numbers and size of the ovarian follicles by ultrasonogram.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.677-685
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• 2019

We investigated the ecological characteristics of kumgang fat minnow (Rhynchocypris kumgangensis) in the Eocheon stream from October 2017 to September 2018. The water temperature was 10.2- 14.3℃ and remained below 15℃ during the year. The fishes in cohabitation with kumgang fat minnow were Cottus koreanus (16.62%), Phoxinus phoxinus (10.74%), Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (1.55%), Oncorhynchus mykiss (0.56%), Zacco koreanus (0.28%), and Iksookimia koreensis (0.14%%). The ratio of females to males was 1:0.91 and did not vary widely. The frequency analysis of total length indicated that the fishes with less than 40 mm in total length were one year old, those with 40 - 69 mm were two years old, those with 70 - 84 mm were three years old, and those with 85 mm or more were four years old for individuals collected in May through June. The sexually mature fishes were over two years old. The spawning season was from late May to late August, and the water temperature was 12.5~14.5℃ during the period. The prosperous spawning season was from June to July, and the water temperature was 13.6 - 14.5℃ during the spawning period. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was 1,006 (664 - 1,666) per matured female, and the matured eggs were yellowish and spherical with a mean diameter of 1.34±0.17 mm. The length-weight correlation of R. kumgangensis was BW = 0.00003TL^2.77 with the constant a as 0.00003, b as 2.77, the average condition factor (K) as 1.04(0.65~1.48), and the slope as -0.0012. The kumgang fat minnows inhabiting in the spring water had a longer spawning period, a fewer number of eggs in ovaries, and the lower condition factor (K) than those inhabiting other areas.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.513-521
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• 2009

Recently, the externally prestressed unbonded concrete structures are increasingly being built. The mechanical behavior of prestressed concrete beams with external unbonded tendon is different from that of normal bonded PSC beams in that the slip of tendons at deviators and the change of tendon eccentricity occurs as external loads are applied in external unbonded PSC beams. The purpose of the present paper is therefore to evaluate the flexural behavior by performing static flexural test according to tendon area and tendon force. From experimental results, before flexural cracking, there was no difference between external members and bonded members. However, after cracking, yielding load of reinforcement, ultimate load, and the tendon stress of external members was lower than that of bonded members. For the relationship of load-tendon stress, the increasing of tendon strain was inversely proportional to the initial tendon force. However, even if the initial tendon force was large, the tendon strain with small effective stress was smaller than that with large effective stress. The concrete compressive strain was proportional to the effective stress of external tendon. From the comparison between test results and codes, the ACI-318 could not consider the effect of tendon force or effective stress, and especially the results of ACI-318 were very small, so it was very conservative. And the AASHTO 1994 could be influenced on the tendon area, initial force and effective stress, but as it was made on the basis of internal unbonded tendon, its results were much larger than the test results. For this reason, the new correct predict equation of external tendon stress will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.584-596
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• 1994

The objective of the study is to explore the relationships between the variables of nursing productivity on the framework of system del in the tertiary university based care hospital in Korea. Productivity is basically defined as the relation-ship between inputs and outputs. Under the proposition that the nursing unit is a system that produces nursing care output using personal and material resources through the nursing intervention and nursing care management. And this major conception of nursing productivity system comproises input, process and output and feed-back. These categorized variables are essential parts to produce desirable and meaningful out-put. While nursing personnel from head nurse to staff nurses cooperate with each other, the head nurse directs her subordinates to achieve the goal of nursing care unit. In this procedure, the head nurse uses the leadership of authority and benevolence. Meantime nursing productivity will be greatly influenced by environment and surrounding organizational structures, and by also the operational objectives, the policy and standards of procedures. For the study of nursing productivity one sample hospital with 15 general nursing care units was selected. Research data were collected for 3 weeks from May 31 to June 20 in 1993. Input variables were measured in terms of both the served and the server. And patient classification scores were measured drily by degree of nursing care needs that indicated patent case-mix. And also nurses' educational period for profession and clinical experience and the score of nurses' personality were measured as producer input variables by the questionnaires. The process varialbes act necessarily on leading input resources and result in desirable nursing outputs. Thus the head nurse's leadership perceived by her followers is defined as process variable. The output variables were defined as length of stay, average nursing care hours per patient a day the score of quality of nursing care, the score of patient satisfaction, the score of nurse's job satis-faction. The nursing unit was the basis of analysis, and various statistical analyses were used : Reliability analysis(Cronbach's alpha) for 5 measurement tools and Pearson-correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis for the test of the relationship among the variables. The results were as follows : 1. Significant positive relationship between the score of patient classification and length of stay was found(r=.6095, p.008). 2. Regression coefficient between the score of patient classification and length of stay was significant (β=.6245, p=.0128), and variance explained was 39%. 3. Significant positive relationship between nurses’ educational period and length of stay was found(r=-.4546, p=.044). 5. Regression coefficient between nurses' educational period and the score of quality of nursing care was significant (β=.5600, p=.029), and variance explained was 31.4%. 6. Significant positive relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the length of stay was found (r=.5869, p=.011). 7. Significant negative relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was found(r=-.4578, p=.043). 8. Regression coefficient between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was significant(β=-.6912, p=.0043), variance explained was 47.8%. 9. Significant positive relationship between the score of the head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and the score of nurses' job satis-faction was found(r=.4499, p=050). 10. A significant canonical correlation was found between the group of the independent variables consisted of the score of the nurses' personality, the score of the head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the group of the dependent variables consisted of the length of stay, average nursing care hours(Rc²=.4771, p=.041). Through these results, the assumed relationships between input variables, process variable, output variables were partly supported. In addition it is also considered necessary that-further study on the relationships between nurses' personality and nurses' educational period, between nurses' clinical experience including skill level and output variables in many research samples should be made.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was conducted to find out the frequency of urinary incontinence among the rural elderly people and its related factors. Methods: Informations have been obtained through interviews from the 464 rural residents of advanced age over 65 years on September 1st through November 30th, 2007, in Chungnam Province. Results: As for the rate of experiencing urinary incontinence, the group with the experience rate of 「every day」 were 9.5% and 「occasionally」 35.5%, with the total of 45.0%. The higher rates of urinary incontinence were in the elderly women(58.5%) than in the elderly men (29.8%), in the more advanced in age, in the higher educated, and in the groups with higher monthly income. Based on life styles, the rate of experiencing urinary incontinence was significantly higher in smoking groups and non-drinking groups. Based on subjective senses of health, it was more highly associated with the groups who reported that they were not healthy, that they concerned themselves about health, that they had physical disability, that they had forgetfulness, and they needed assistance in terms of activity of daily living(ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living(IADL) than their respective counterparts. By the result of multiple logistic regression, sex, age, smoking status, anxiety, physical disability, amnesia, and IADL was indicated the affecting factors to the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Conclusions: The above results reveal that the rate of urinary incontinence was higher in the elderly women than the elderly men, and in more advanced age. Moreover, its rate increases in the groups with undesirable life styles or lower senses of subjective and physical health conditions. It is highly suggested that efforts to manage urinary incontinence of the elderly need to be narrowed to the more advanced, especially those with lower standards of health conditions.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.97-127
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• 1991

This paper investigates the roles and the limitations of the Korean antitrust agencies-the Office of Fair Trade (OFT) and the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) during the making of the major industrial policies of the 1980's. The Korean antitrust agencies played only a minimal role in three major industrial policy-making issues in the 1980's- the enactment of the Industrial Development Act (IDA), the Industrial Rationalization Measures according to the IDA, and the Industrial Readjustment Measures on Consolidation of Large Insolvent Enterprises based on the revised Tax Exemption and Reduction Control Act. As causes for this performance bias in the Korean antitrust system, this paper considers five factors according to the current literature on implementation failure: ambiguous and insufficient statutory provisions of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA); lack of resources; biased attitudes and motivations of the staff of the OFT and the FTC; bureaucratic incapability; and widespread misunderstanding about the roles and functions of the antitrust system in Korea. Among these five factors, bureaucratic incompetence and lack of understanding in various policy implementation environments about the roles and functions of the antitrust system have been regarded as the most important ones. Most staff members did not have enough educational training during their school years to engage in antitrust and fair trade policy-making. Furthermore, the high rate of staff turnover due to a mandatory personnel transfer system has prohibited the accumulation of knowledge and skills required for pursuing complicated structural antitrust enforcement. The limited capability of the OFT has put the agency in a disadvantaged position in negotiating with other economic ministries. The OFT has not provided plausible counter-arguments based on sound economic theories against other economic ministries' intensive market interventions in the name of rationalization and readjustment of industries. If the staff members of antitrust agencies have lacked substantive understanding of the antitrust and fair trade policy, the rest of government agencies must have had serious problems in understanding the correst roles and functions of the antitrust system. The policy environment of the Korean antitrust system, including other economic ministries, the Deputy Prime Minister, and President Chun, have tended to conceptualize the OFT more as an agency aiming only at fair trade policy and less as an agency that should enforce structural monopoly regulation as well. Based on this assessment of the performance of the Korean antitrust system, this paper evaluate current reform proposals for the MRFT A. The inclusion of the regulation of conglomerate mergers and of business divestiture orders may be a desirable revision, giving the MRFTA more complete provisions. However, given deficient staff experties and the unfavorable policy environments, it would be too optimistic and naive to expect that the inclusion of these provisions alone could improve the performance of the Korean antitrust system. In its conclusion, this paper suggests several policy recommendations for the Korean antitrust system, which would secure the stable development and accumulation of antitrust expertise for its staff members and enough understanding and conformity from its environments about its antitrust goals and functions.