• Vending industry
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• v.7 no.1 s.19
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• pp.88-89
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• 2007

최근 베트남의 경제성장은 실로 눈부실 지경이다. 2000년 이후 연평균 7.6%의 성장률이 계속되고 있어 우리나라의 고도 성장기를 연상케 한다. 2007년 1월 150번째 WTO에 가입한 베트남은 마치 중국의 성공을 벤치마킹한 성장패턴을 보이고 있다. 충부한 자본과 노동력을 자원으로 고속성장을 해나가는 베트남 경제의 잠재력은 무궁무진하다 할 수 있다. 이런 베트남 시장에서 자판기 분야 역시 관심을 가질 만하다. 베트남 경제의 거침없는 성장은 자판기 산업의 높은 잠재 성장가능성 역시 예상케 한다. 특히 베트남의 경제인구의 60%이상이 30대 이하인 점은 감안한다면 자판기 문화가 빠른 시간 안에 형성 발전이 가능하다 할 수 있다. 게다가 베트남은 세계 2위의 커피수출 이다. 우리나라에서 가장 많이 인스턴트커피를 수입하는 나라가 베트남이며 자판기 커피에 쓰이는 원료의 대부분이 베트남 커피이다. 저기 커피시장을 꽉 잡고 있다 할 정도로 많은 생산수출을 진행하는 것이 베트남 커피 시장의 특징이다. 생산이 이처럼 많이 이루어지다 보니 자국내 커피음용 문화가 일상화되어 있다. 마치 물마시듯 커피를 마시는 문화가 형성되어 있다. 이런 점에서 본다면 커피자판기 분야의 큰 시장 확대의 여지 역시 크다 할 수 있다. 베트남의 자판기 시장 잠재력을 제대로 파악하기 위해서는 베트남 커피 산업의 현황과 문화를 제대로 아는 일이 중요하다. 국정홍보처 국정브리핑에서 제공한 '베트남에 가면 커피의 진실이 보인다'는 기사는 이런 니즈를 충족시키는데 있어 큰 도움이 된다. 자료 제공에 적극 협조를 해 준 국정홍보처 정책뉴스팀에 감사의 말씀을 전하며, 관련 기사 전문을 게재했다.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.503-521
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• 2017

Demands in a sustainable coffee certification program have increased steadily in the global coffee market. Along with this trend, recently the introduction of sustainable coffee certification programs in Vietnam has increased significantly. However, Vietnam's the coffee certification programs led by a single state-owned company, which is called Vinacafe, shows some differentiations from other sustainable coffee programs certified in other countries. The structure of exclusive decision-making in Vinacafe has been interfered with economic impacts in accordance with the introduction of sustainable coffee certification programs in Vietnam. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify changes in and limits of the value chain of the coffee industry with the introduction of Vietnam's sustainable coffee certification program by investigating the case of Vinacafe. To this end, the research has attempted 1) to concern with the role of Vinacafe in the process of growth in the coffee industry in central highland of Vietnam, 2) to analyze changes stemmed from the introduction of Vinacafe's sustainable coffee certification programs, and 3) to examine the limits to the introduction of sustainable coffee certification programs in Vietnam. As a result, it found out that Vinacafe subsidiaries shifted the losses resulted in the payment of additional environmental costs to produce sustainable certification coffee onto coffee farmers depended on Vinacafe subsidiaries, because the price of premium emerged from supports for certificated coffee production has not been guaranteed by Vinacafe mother firm.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.389-407
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• 2013

The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of how coffee production has been taking place since the coffee industry in Vietnam came out in the global market after Doi Moi. Current research tries to understand how the local households of coffee production adjusts to their production process according to internal and external influences. In order to explore coffee production in the level of local and household units, the structure of coffee production in Dak Lak is first explored in terms of production and sales with the cases from two communes. The examination reveals that general characteristics of coffee crops that would reflect coffee production structure. Further, this study interrogates farmers' response to reflect some direct and indirect influences in recent years. That shows how the elements of coffee production in global market induce a change of coffee production in the study area. Those aspects are analyzed in relation to yearly coffee price fluctuation and diversification. Also, this research explores some of farmers' responses toward the environmental friendly coffee production.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.415-430
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• 2015

Since the late 1990s Vinacafe has gone through strategic changes in corporate governance and managements due to an increase in the introduction of coffee MNCs, a growth of global demands in sustainable coffee, aging coffee tree, and the deterioration of coffee production with climate changes in Vietnam. Vinacafe has attempted to cope with these kinds of changes through strategies for equitization. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to identify strategies for enhancing the competitiveness of the Vietnamese coffee industry by investigating changes in corporate governance and processes of coffee production and distribution. The equitization of Vinacafe has led to the enhancement of coffee competitiveness in two perspectives. Firstly, as it has decentralized decision-making from headquarter, subsidiaries have become able to strength their competitiveness themselves by introducing new technologies, improving coffee quality, and encouraging the introduction of eco-friendly production methods through cooperative relationships with stakeholders involved in coffee production and distributions in Vietnam. Secondly, it has also enhanced competitiveness through the diversification and effectiveness of coffee managements by intensifying the flexibility of contract with coffee farmers and diversifying coffee sales and supply chains in Vietnam.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.372-388
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• 2013

A series of coffee middlemen has come to be regarded as an exploitative force in the lives of small and poor coffee farmers, which is called 'coyote', controlling production, paying unfair prices for labor and goods, and participating in fraudulent practices to maximize their own profits. However, the reality of gains captured by coffee middlemen in the value chain might be exaggerated and even unfair. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to reconsider the implication of coffee middlemen for the development of coffee value chain in Vietnam. It also attempts to identify their characteristics by investigating relations among coffee farmers, middlemen and processing/exporting firms. In terms of middlemen's margin in the coffee sub-sector, their margin is quite small when compared to other actors higher in the value chain. Rather, coffee middlemen in Vietnam have played a critical role as an intermediary of change in local economies. More specifically, coffee middlemen in Dak Lak has played a significant role as a market facilitator by stimulating the access of farmers to markets by providing buyers for farmers thanks to changes in institutional environment. Also, they have played a critical role as an agent of sustainable coffee production by encouraging sustainable coffee production in accordance with the demand of processing and exporting firms.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.289-302
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• 2018

As business activities of firms for maximizing profits has resulted in increases in economic, social and environmental problems in regional geographies, they have stimulated some social activities through enhancing their public image and justifying their conducts. In fact, firms have been given concerned with a decrease in profits due to the promotion of their social activities required by local communities. However, firms are able to create shared value resulted in added value creation centering on shareholder as well as stakeholder by expanding increases in economic and social values. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to draw an index which is able to evaluate the mechanism of virtuous circle resulted from creating shared value(hereafter CSV). At the same time, it has attempted to analyze some limits to and real effects of CSV by the index. The paper has analyzed the CSV of certificated coffee by using the index of sustainability in the Vietnamese coffee industry. The introduction of certificated coffee showed positive effects in the order of environmental, economic and social indicators. However, the structure of closed decision-making in Vinacafe, which is a state-firm, has not able to secure enough economic profits for CSV, leading to some limits to the formation of virtuous circles in the Vietnamese certificated coffee industry.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.360-377
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• 2016

Since after the 1986 economic reform policy(Doi Moi), the central highland in Vietnam has transformed into one of the largest coffee producing areas. The transformation had been supported by mass migration of ethnic Kinhs from the coastal lowland. It did not take long for the Kinh migrants to be the ethnic majority in the region. Meanwhile the growth of coffee industry entailed in socio-economic disparity, specially between Kinh migrants and native ethnic minorities. The disparity has becomed obvious not only between coffee farming Kinhs and non-coffee farming ethnic minorities but also between coffee farming Kinhs and ehtnic minorities. The previous literatures highlight the lack of human and social capital and the lagging modernization in ethnic minority societies. However, they fall short in showing the explicit processes why ethnic minority coffee farmers earn less than ethnic majority counterparts. With a case study of Dak Lak province, this research attempts to show the reason why there is income gap between Kinh and ethnic minority Ede coffee farmers by comparing their ways of producing coffee and selling their products. The results show that Ede's land productivity is significantly lower than Kinh's. It is because Ede farmers use less fertilizer due to the shortage of the capital. Also they often get into debt for coffee production and should pay it back right after the harvest. It deprives them of chance to raise earning by selling the coffee beans at a higher price.

• Food Industry
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• s.246
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• pp.8-11
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• 2015

정식명칭은 베트남 사회주의공화국(Socialist Republic of Vietnam)이다. 북쪽은 중국과, 서쪽은 라오스 및 캄보디아와 접하고 동쪽은 바다를 면하고 있다. 남북으로 긴 해안선은 무려 3,444Km에 달한다. 면적은 33만 $1,210km^2$, 인구는 9,200만 명, 수도는 하노이(Hanoi)이다. 주민은 베트남인이 90% 이상을 차지하고 있으며, 그 밖에 중국인과 53개의 소수민족으로 구성되어 있다. 공용어는 베트남어이며, 종교는 불교가 80％, 가톨릭교가 9％ 등이다. 행정구역은 하노이, 호찌민, 다낭, 하이퐁, 껀터의 5개 직할시(centrally administered city)와 59개의 성(省)으로 이루어져 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.624-629
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• 2014

Obesity is the leading metabolic disease in industrialized countries and is closely associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-adipogenic effects of two roasted coffee beans, Vietnam robusta (VR) and Ethiopia Mocha Sidamo G2 (ES), as well as fermented coffee beans with Monascus ruber (MR) mycelium on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatments with 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$ of hot water extract from coffee beans significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. In addition, VR more effectively inhibited transcription factors such as $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, FAS, and aP2 compared to ES. Further, ES fermented with MR showed more effective anti-adipogenic activity than non-fermented ES. These results suggest that VR and ES inhibit adipocyte differentiation which may contribute to their anti-adipogenic properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2014

In previous work, we fermented coffee beans using solid-state culture with various fungal mycelia to enhance the physiological activity of the coffee. The coffee fermented with Monascus sp. showed a higher physiological activity than non-fermented coffee or other coffees fermented with mushroom mycelium. The aim of this study was to characterize the various fermented coffees with respect to their area of cultivation and their variety using Monascus purpureus (MP) mycelium solid-state culture. Thirty types of green coffee beans, which varied in terms of their cultivation area or variety, were purchased from different suppliers and fermented with MP under optimal conditions. Each MP-fermented coffee was medium roasted and extracted further using hot water (HW) under the same conditions. Of the HW extracts, those derived from MP-Mandheling coffees had the highest yield (13.6-15.5%), and MP-Robusta coffee showed a significantly higher polyphenolic content (3.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 mg) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging activity (27.11 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity/100 mg). Furthermore, in comparison to other MP-fermented coffees at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, MP-Robusta coffee showed not only the most effective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (67.1% of that in LPS-stimulated control cells), but also an effective inhibition of lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipose cells (22.2% of that in differentiated control cells). In conclusion, these results suggest that Vietnam Robusta coffee beans solid-state fermented with MP mycelium are amenable to industrial applications as a functional coffee beverage or material.