• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.279-290
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• 2016

The performance of upflow anaerobic bioelectrochemical reactor (UABE), equipped with electrodes (anode and cathode) inside the upflow anaerobic reactor, was compared to that of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for the treatment of acidic distillery wastewater. The UASB was stable in pH, alkalinity and VFAs until the organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.0 g COD/L.d, but it became unstable over 4.0 g COD/L.d. As a response to the abrupt doubling in OLR, the perturbation in the state variables for the UABE was smaller, compared to the UASB, and quickly recovered. The UABE stability was better than the UASB at higher OLR of 4.0-8.0 g COD/L.d, and the UABE showed better performance in specific methane production rate (2,076mL $CH_4/L.d$), methane content in biogas (66.8%), and COD removal efficiency (82.3%) at 8.0 g COD/L.d than the UASB. The maximum methane yield in UABE was about 407mL/g $COD_r$ at 4.0 g COD/L.d, which was considerably higher than about $282mL/g\;COD_r$ in UASB. The rate limiting step for the bioelectrochemical reaction in UABE was the oxidation of organic matter on the anode surface, and the electrode reactions were considerably affected by the pH at 8.0 g COD/L.d of high OLR. The maximum energy efficiency of UABE was 99.5%, at 4.0 g COD/L.d of OLR. The UABE can be an advanced high rate anaerobic process for the treatment of acidic distillery wastewater.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 1999

The perceived stress response inventory(PSRI) was developed to measure 4 types of current stress responses : emotional, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral responses. 242 patients with psychiatric disorders(71 patients with anxiety disorders, 73 patients with depressive disorders, 47 patients with somatoform disorders, 51 patients with psychosomatic disorders) and 215 healthy subjects completed the questionnaire including the PSRI. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ) and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were also administered at the same time. Factor analysis for each of 4 types of stress responses yielded 8 factors : negative emotional responses, general somatic symptoms, specific somatic symptoms, lowered cognitive function and general negative thinking, self-depreciative thinking, impulsive-aggressive thinking, passive-responsive and careless behavior, and impulsive-aggressive behavior. Both test-restest reliability(r= .83 -.93) and internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha : .79 -.96 for each of 8 subscales and .98 for total items of the scale) were all at statistically significant levels. Total scores of the PSRI significantly correlated with total scores of GARS scale, PSQ, and global indicies of SCL-90-R, respectively. The patient group had significantly higher scores than healthy subjects in each of all the subscales except impulsive-aggressive behavior subscale. These results suggest that the PSRI is a reliable and valid tool stable over time which may be effectively used for the research in stress-related field including psychosomatic medicine.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.383-403
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive nerve cells in the diagonal band of Broca of the rat basal forebrains, utilizing techniques of immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical microscopy. The ChAT-immunoreactivities were shown within neuronal cell bodies and processes by the light micoscope. According to cell shape and ratio of long axis vs short axis of cell body, the ChAT-immunoreaclive nerve cells in both vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca were classified into 6 types. at the light microscopic level; round, oval, elongated, fusiform, triangular and polygonal types. As a result of the electron microscopic observation, the ChAT-immunoreactivated products appeared on the outer nuclear envelope, membranes of rough endoplasmic reticula (rER), free ribosomes and polysomes. Each cell type was subdivided into subtype I and II according to the several criteria such as volume of cell body, nuclear size relative to the cytoplasm, kinds and distribution of cell organelles and numbers and sorts of synapses. The subtype I of immnunoreactive nerve cells had large cell body and a small nucleus showing shallow indentations of nuclear evelope. In this subtype I with abundant cytoplasm, rER were well differentiated. Their long cisternae were parallelly ditributed and lamellated. One or two lamellar bodies and nematosomes were observed. The subtype II cell had small cell body and a large nucleus with deep indentations of nuclear envelope. In this subtype II with small cytoplasm, the rER were irregularly distributed and the lamellar body and nematosome were not found. A few axosomatic synapses in the subtype I and II were shown to be symmetric or asymmetric. The ratios of the symmetric synapse to the asymmetric one were investigated to be 1 : 2 and 1 : 4 in the subtype I and II, respectively. The axodendritic ones were almost asymmetric. But, the fusiform and triangular immunoreactive nerve cells were shown only to be subtype I. According to observations in this study, it is considered that the ultrastructural characterization in the 2 subtypes of each cell type may reflect the differences of the metabolic activities and projecting distances to the target cells.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.802-807
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• 2012

The autothermal reforming of methane to syngas has been carried out in a reactor charged with both a Ni (15 wt%)-Ru (1 wt%)/$Al_2O_3$-MgO metallic monolith catalyst and an electrically-heated convertor (EHC). The standalone type reactor has a start-up time of less than 2 min with the reactant gas of $700^{\circ}C$ fed to the autothermal reactor. The $O_2/CH_4$ and $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio governed the methane conversion and temperature profile of reactor. The reactor temperature increased as the reaction shifted from endothermic to exothermic reaction with decreasing $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio. Also the amount of $CO_2$ in the products increases with increasing $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio due to water gas shift reaction. The 97% of $CH_4$ conversion was obtained and the reactor temperature was maintained $600^{\circ}C$ at the condition of $GHSV=10,000\;h^{-1}$ and feed ratio ($H_2O/CH_4=0.6$ and $O_2/CH_4=0.5$). In this condition, the maximum flow rate of the syngas generated from the reactor charged with 170 cc of the metallic monolith catalyst is $0.94\;Nm^3/h$.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1995

These days, many kinds of graphical methods have been developed, and it is possible to get information directly from data. Especially, R-code (Cook and Weisberg, 1994) make it possible to draw various kinds of two and three dimensional plots, and to rotate the axis of the plots. But the maximum dimensional of the plot is three, so we can not draw plot of one response variable with more than three explanatory variables. Li(1991, 1992) has developed a method to reduce the dimension of the explanatory variables, so it is possible to draw lower dimensional plots to get information of the full explanatory variables. One of the dimension reduction method developed by Li is pHd. In this paper, we have tried to apply the pHd method for the model with multivariate response.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.770-779
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• 1992

Five (alkynylethoxymethylene)$Fe(CO)_4 complexes (1) are prepared through the reaction of Fe(CO)_5$ with alkynyllithium (R = n-Pr, cyclohexyl, t-Bu, trimethylsilyl, Ph) and subsequent O-ethylation of the resulting acyl anion complexes with ethyl fluorosulfonate. In the reactions of trimethylsilyl-substituted alkynylcarbene complex (1d) with 8 open-chain 1,3-dienes, ({\eta}^3-vinylcarbene)Fe(CO)3 complexes (2) are obtained as major products.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2020

Among the exhaust gas, Carbon dioxide which is a causative factor in greenhouse effect. We study for synthesis of propylene carbonate with carbon dioxide which is captured and utilized in commercially valuable. The Experiment was proceeded as pilot scale with using homogeneous organic catalyst which is able to produce propylene carbonate in commercial and reaction conditions. Optimization condition for concentration of catalyst and reaction temperature, pressure was studied. We confirm that this process is eco-friendly method and commercial application due to the mild condition and also catalyst has a competitive price, reusability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.81-82
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• 1998

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1984

한국적 경영환경에서 O.R 기법을 경영활동에 적용하는 데에는 O.R의 이론적 측면보다 실용화가 더욱 어려운 실정이다. 관리자들이 편견과 자기 경험의 노예 상태에서 직관적으로 의사결정을 한다던가, 이노베이션에 대한 거부 반응이 거세다던가, 시스템 의식이 미약하다던가, 데이터의 축적이 빈곤하다던가 하는 따위 등이 O.R의 실용화에 장애요인으로 작용된다. 이 글은 쌍용양회공업주식회사에서 광산 조업활용에 적용하여 성공적으로 활용되고 있는 O.R의 모델을 간추린 것이다. 이 회사에서는 7년여에 걸쳐 MIS의 추진과정을 통해 관리자들이 컴퓨터시스템 마인드를 제고시키고, 정보시스템을 설계하고, 정보시스템을 개발하고, 정보시스템을 활용하면서 데이터를 축적하여 O.R기법을 실제에 적용하였다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.111-122
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• 1998

수정된 연소 반응 함수[9]를 이용하여 복사 열속 교란에 대한 연소 반응 특성을 살펴 보았다. DB N5추진제에 대한 Son 등[6]의 실험 결과오 비교할 때 본 연구에서 사용한 연소 반응 함수가 낮은 활성화 에너지에서 비슷한 피크를 예측할 수 있었다. 이것은 Son 등[6]에 의해 과소 평가된 복사 열속의 영향이 고려되었기 때문인 것으로 판단 된다. 민감 변수들을 구하기 위하여 Iribicu 등[2]이 제시한 정상 연소 관계식을 이용하였는데, 표면 온도에 대한 정상 연소율 변화를 비교한 결과 Zanotti[8]의 AP2 추진제의 실험 결과와 정성적으로 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. Zebrowski 등[4]의 연소 반응 함수와도 비교하였는데 활성화 에너지가 Zanotti[8]가 제시한 범위의 값을 가질때는 피크에 있어 상당한 차이를 보이지만, 그 보다 더 큰 활성화 에너지에서는 $f_rJ$의 영향이 거의 사라져 비슷한 결과를 보여주고 있다. 이는 활성화 에너지가 클수록 본 연구에서 사용한 연소 반응 함수가 [6]과 같아지지만, [8]에서 제시된 활성화 에너지 범위에서는 본 연구에서 사용한 연소 반응 함수로 예측함이 타당함을 의미한다.