• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.208-223
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• 2023

This article was prepared for the purpose of reviewing maintenance plans and strategies for designating the celadon kiln site in Banam-ri, Gochang, a monument designated by the city and province as a historical site. Prior to the discussion, the high academic potential of this site, which is attracting attention as a main point of early celadon main point, was explained, and expectations for the future designation of the monument were reviewed. Next, the current status of preservation and maintenance plans of the celadon kiln site in Banam-ri, Gochang were examined. In particular, the current preservation situation was reviewed through an on-site survey on how the ruins, which have not been designated as a monument, should be maintained for historical designation in the future. Above all, it was argued that it was necessary to conduct excavation and literature surveys to clarify the characteristics of the ruins, investigate the surrounding areas, improve information facilities for visitors, and carry out promotion in connection with them. Finally, the definition of historical sites and the status of historical designation of ceramic kilns, along with the strategies necessary for designation, were presented. In particular, the examples of the existing historical designated celadon kiln site in Dotong-ri, Jinan, and Buncheong Kiln Site in Undae-ri, Goheung were reviewed, and three types of excavation surveys, literature surveys, and academic conferences were presented as the target directions for historical designation. The result of the excavation survey is the basis for suggesting that it has cultural property values with completeness, authenticity, and identity. The literature survey is the basis for supplementing the historical and cultural character of the remains that have not been revealed by excavation. The academic conference explained that it is an opportunity to understand the nature and value of cultural assets, such as the location of cultural assets, the status of relics, and events related to relics.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2011

The major Mo deposits in South Korea were formed during the Jurassic Daebo orogeny, the Late Cretaceous and the Tertiary post-orogenic igneous activities, and are characterized by a variety of genetic types such as pegmatite, greisen, skarn, porphyry and vein types. The Jangsu mine is a pegmatite-style deposit which is genetically related to the Jurassic ilmenite-series two-mica granite with the Mo mineralization age of $159.6{\pm}4.5$ Ma. The Geumseong mine occurs as a skarn/porphyry-style deposit associated with highly fractionated granite. Its age of Mo mineralization within aplitic cupola is about 96.5~l07.5 Ma. The Yeonil mine is a porphyry-style deposit, and the Geumeum mine is a veinlet-style deposit along the fracture zone with their mineralization ages of $58.4{\pm}1.6$ and $54.4{\pm}1.2$ Ma, respectively. The contrasts in the style of Mo mineralization in Korea reflect the different environment of the related magmatism. The Jurassic mineralization, being related to deep-seated granitoids, occurs as a pegmatite-style deposit, whereas the Cretaceous one, being related to subvolcanic granitoids, occurs as skarn/porphyry/vein-type ore deposits. The Tertiary Mo mineralization has a close relationship with the igneous activities associated with the Tertiary basin formation along the east coast, Korean peninsular.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 1998

The study area, Beulgok-myon Nonsan-goon Chungcheongnan-do is consist of Changri slate(Och, okcheon system), lithic tuff(Kslt, kyoungsang system), granite (Kqb, kyoungsang system) and quartz porphyry(Kgf, kyoungsang system). More than 3000 joints were measured and classified by direction. Main dipdirection/dips of Kqb are 228~257/73~88, 010~150/70~85, Och are 134~164/40~90, 214~249/55~89, Kslt are 291~332/75~82, 235~241/73~71. But Kgf are not appeared distinct directions of joint. In field, p-wave velocities(Vp) are measured on the bed rock. Vp of Kgf are $5000m(240^{\circ})~2380(360^{\circ})m/s$, Kqb are $3846(210^{\circ})~1408(150^{\circ})m/s$, Kslt are $5000(360^{\circ})~2323(150^{\circ})m/s$ and Och are $6657(180^{\circ})~2000(030^{\circ})m/s$. Also P-wave velocities on specimen are measured. It is slightely higher than it's measured on the bed rock. For engineering properties of rock, we measured Poisson's ratio, rigidity, Young's modulus and bulk modulus by dynamic method.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.122-143
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• 2010

The Shilla Stone Monument in Jungseongri was found during the road-construction in Pohang. It has approximately two hundreds of letters inscribed on the surface of one side, and it is estimated to be older than Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri which had been known for the oldest stele in Shilla Period. This monument is made of fine to medium-grained biotite granite, while the Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri is made of fine-grained granodioritic porphyry bearing feldspar and amphibole phenocrysts. Both rock types of the monuments are interpreted to be cognate with biotite granite in Shinkwangmyeon, and with granodioritic porphyry in Gigyemyeon. They are characterized by xenolith and miarolitic cavity. Damage aspects in both monuments are discoloring, cracking and breaking. These damages do not cause structural instability of the monuments, but attenuate aesthetic value. Black and brown discoloring contaminants on the surface of the Jungseongri Monument contain a high amount of manganese and iron. As a result of ultrasonic test, both monuments were evaluated to be medium-weathered (MW), although the velocity of the Shilla Monument in Jungseongri was slightly lower than the Shilla Monument in Naengsuri. This is because the Monument in Juengseongri had been exposed to outdoor environment for long time until the discovery. It is necessary for Shilla Monuments to be protected by appropriately environmental control and management.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 2014

In this study, the identification and distribution for rock types of the South Gate Wall of Myeoncheoneupseong Town Wall in Dangjin was investigated, and the homogeneity analysis of rock properties in the wall between the surrounding out crops estimated by examining the possible provenances. The Town Wall consists of variable rock types about 15 kinds. Granitic rocks (61.0%), quartzite (21.0%) and quartz feldspar porphyry (8.7%) accounted over 90% of total survey section. These rock properties are very similar to surrounding rocks of the Town Wall on the basis of occurrences, magnetic susceptibility, petrography, mineralogical and goechemical characteristics. Thus, it is probable that the rock properties of the Town Wall were supplied from the Town Wall around about 8km within at Seongsangri, Yangyuri, Seongbukri, Galsanri and Daedeokdong area. And supplied rock properties in the construction process, easy procurement rather than rock type was most likely seems to be considered.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.133-149
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• 2000

The study area which contains the coastal terrace of the southeastern part of Korean peninsula, well developed the lineaments which are NNE, NE and WNW directions. The area crops out Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and granite porphyry, Tertiary conglomerate, tuffite and basalt and Quarternary deposits. Coastal terraces are subdivided into low, middle and upper terraces(LT, MT, UT) based on the topographic levels. Terrace gravels are deposited on these wave-cut erosional surface during the initial lowering stage of sea level fluctuation. Terrace gravels are typified by granule to pebble layers with slightly inclined beddings. These gravels are interpreted as beach gravels belonging to berm or swash zone based on the present distribution of beach gravels. The Suryum fault is characterized by the thrust which is gradationally changing the strike from ENE to NNE. The extension of the fault is about 200m and Maximum displacement is about 1.5m.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

Hydrochemical characteristics of deep groundwater at Surak-ri, Nonsan-gun, Chungnam Province was explained by major ion concentration, water type, and phase stability diagram. The area is composed of meta-sedimentary rock and quartz pophyry. The 5 boreholes where deep groundwater was sampled and analyzed are located on the meta-sedimentary rocks and drilling depth range of the wells is from 554 m to 928 m. pH, TDS, Na, and SiO2 values are high in the groundwater from meta-sedimentary area intruded by quartz pophyry, while Ca is high in the groundwater from meta-sedimentary area. K and Mg concentrations are low but F concentration is high both groundwater. The content of major anions is in the order of CO3(HCO3)>Cl>SO4(F) in both geology, while that of major cations shows the order of Na>Ca>K(Mg) in meta-sedimentary area intruded by quartz porphyry and a>Na>Mg>Na in meta-sedimentary area. Based on the phase equilibrium in the systems Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, the groundwater is saturated with respect to Quartz and more evolved compared with the natural mineral water. It is concluded that chemical evolution in the groundwater from meta-sedimentary area intruded by quartz porphyry, is nearly saturated with respect to feldspar, while the groundwater from meta-sedimentary area continue to proceed with increasing pH by reaction of feldspar.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1999

Goryeri archaeological site is located in the upstream valley of the Danjang River. The basement rocks of the area are composed of the Cretaceous to Palaeogene biotite granite (KbGr), acidic dyke (Kad), Milyang Andesite (Kma) and Jyunggagsan Formation. Among them Milyang Andesite and Jyunggagsan Formation are prevailed in archaeological site and they are composed of reddish brown tuffaceous shale, sandstone and conglomerate, with intercalations of acidic tuffs and lapilli tuffs. The purpose of this research is not only to compare REE pattern of the soil-sedimentary deposits with those of surrounding rocks, but also to identify vitric tephra in the soil-sedimentary deposits derived from the andesite, acidic tuff and lapilii tuff, in order to illucidate the provenance of the vitric tephra. The rare earth element(REE) of the soils and sedimentary deposits results in the same REE pattern with those analyzed from the surrounding basement rocks. This indicates that the soils and sedimentary deposits are originated from the surrounding basement rocks, most probably from the andesite and lapilli tuff. In addition, vitric tephra were identified both in the Quaternary in-situ weathered soils and sedimentary deposits (PMU-13 and PMU-17), and in the weathered surrounding lapilli tuff. These vitric tephra are considered to be different from those of Japanese AT(Aira Tanzawa) -tephra. The latter is predominant with clean, platty, bubble-walled and Y-shaped vitrics, while the former is conspicuous with those shapes of large and diverse size and devitrified, as well as having secondarily bubbled-surfaces reflecting surface weathering. The size of vitric fragments in the Goryeri site is about 300${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and large in size in compasion to 150${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of Japanese AT-Tephra. The interim results of the research are contradictary to the explanations based on a series of AT-tephra researches carried by Japanese scholar. In short, the vitric materials of the Goryeri archaeological site are most probably originated from the weathering products of the surrounding basement rocks, and are different from the AT-tephra in their size, shape and devitrification properties. Thus it is highly recommended to have a further comprehensive research which is more emphasized the magmatic genesis of these vitric tephra in addition to the external shape and morphology.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.389-410
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• 2016

Wide ranges of fission-track (FT) ages were obtained from the Jurassic granite batholith in Jeonju-Gimje-Jeongeup area, southwestern Okcheon Belt: sphene=158~70 Ma; zircon=127~71 Ma; apatite=72~46 Ma. Thermochronological analyses based on undisturbed primary cooling and reset or partially-reduced FT ages, and some track-length data reveal complicated thermal histories of the granite. The overall cooling of the batholith is characterized by a relatively rapid earlier-cooling (${\sim}20^{\circ}/Ma$) to $300^{\circ}C$ isotherm since its crystallization and a very slow later-cooling ($2.0{\sim}1.5^{\circ}/Ma$) through the $300^{\circ}C-200^{\circ}C-100^{\circ}C$ isotherms to the present surface temperature. It is indicated that the large part of Jurassic granitic body experienced different level of elevated temperatures at least above $170^{\circ}C$ (maximum>$330^{\circ}C$) by a series of igneous activities in late Cretaceous. Consistent FT zircon ages from duplicate measurements for two sites of later igneous bodies define their formation ages: e.g., quartz porphyry=$73{\pm}3Ma$; diorite=$73{\pm}2Ma$; rhyolite=$72{\pm}3Ma$; feldspar porphyry=$78{\pm}4Ma$ (total weighted average=$73{\pm}3Ma$). Intrusions of these later igneous bodies and pegmatitic dyke swarms might play important roles in later thermal rise over the study area including hot-spring districts (e.g., Hwasim, Jukrim, Mogyokri, Hoebong etc.). On the basis of an assumption that the latercooling of granite batholith was essentially controlled by the denudation of overlying crust, the uplift since early Cretaceous was very slow with a mean rate of ~0.05 mm/year (i.e., ~50 m/Ma). Estimates of total uplifts since 100 Ma, 70 Ma and 40 Ma to present-day are ~5 km, ~3.5 km and ~2 km, respectively. The consistent values of total uplifts from different locations may suggest a regional plateau uplift with a uniform rate over the whole granitic body.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-147
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Punchong and Whiteware pottery excavated from the kiln site in Dongkok-Town, Gimge. Scientific analysis is carried out to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the body and glaze. The physical properties indicate the gradual development of the production technology with respect to the kiln operating conditions and period. In chemical properties, the ceramic body is found to be made of raw materials from the same source, but the mixing method depends on the type of Punchong and Whiteware pottery, the production kiln, and period. Whiteware pottery is manufactured with less over 1.3% of the colorant content and more about 1.2% of the $K_2O$ flux content than Punchong pottery. This compositions allow easier vitrification at the same temperature. These characteristics which is low colorant content and high flux content become more prominent as lately. The ceramic glaze is likely to have changed the type of raw materials used after 16~17C, as the contents of MgO, $TiO_2$, MnO, $P_2O_5$ are less three to ten times than 15C.