• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.704-711
• /
• 2010

Lignocellulose ($2^{nd}$ generation) is difficult to hydrolyze due to the presence of lignin and the technology developed for cellulose fermentation to ethanol is not yet economically viable. However, recent advances in the extremely new field of biotechnology for the ethanol production are making it possible to use of agriculture residuals and nonedible crops biomass, e.q., rice straw and miscanthus sinensis, because of their several superior aspects as agriculture residual and nonedible crops biomass; low lignin, high contents of carbohydrates. In this article, as the basic study of AP(Ammonia Percolation), the properties and the optium conditions of process were established, and then the overall efficiency of AP was investigated. The important independent variables for AP process were selected as ammonia concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The percolation condition for maximizing the content of cellulose, the enzymatic digestibility, and the lignin removal was optimized using RSM(Response Surface Methodology). The determined optimum condition is ammonia concentration; 11.27%, reaction temperature; $157.75^{\circ}C$, and reaction time; 10.01 min. The satisfying results were obtained under this optimized condition, that is, the results are as follows: cellulose content(relative); 39.98%, lignin content(relative); 8.01%, and enzymatic digestibility; 85.89%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.113 no.1
• /
• pp.73-87
• /
• 2024

Wolfiporia hoelen (Fr.) Y.C.Dai & V. Papp, commonly known as Poria cocos, is a significant traditional herb used for medicinal and culinary purposes Asian and European countries. Many studies have confirmed that the main components of W. hoelen have pharmacological activities and thatits extract has been shown to affect bone metabolism. This study aimed to the potential of a 50% ethanol extract of the sclerotium of W. hoelen for preventing and treating bone diseases. The ethanol extract was systematically fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. The dichloromethane fraction caused an approximately 29% increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) differentiation activity in C2C12 cells compared to the control. Four compounds isolated from this active dichloromethane fraction were identified through instrumental analysis and literature references as 3α-dehydrotrametenolic acid, ergosterol, pachymic acid, and dehydrotumulosic acid. All four compounds were evaluated at increasing concentrations (1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 μM) to determine their effects on ALP differentiation activity in C2C12 cells and RANKL-induced inhibition activity in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), with a concurrent assessment of cytotoxicity at these concentrations. At a concentration of 3 μM, dehydrotumulosic acid caused a 160% increase in ALP activity, 24% higher than in the BMP-2 control. BMMs treated with dehydrotumulosic acid at concentrations between 10 and 100 μM showed a substantial 15-86% decrease in RANKL-induced inhibition activity compared to the control, with distinct patterns of RANKL inhibition and cytotoxicity observed at 10 μM. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract from the sclerotium of W. hoelen has potential to modulate bone-cell differentiation, while highlighting the possible benefits of dehydrotumulosic acid isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of W. hoelen for preventing and treating osteoporosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.36.2-36.2
• /
• 2007

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 2021

The biological activities of non-edible extracts of asparagus stems and roots were investigated using hot water and ethanol. The highest contents of rutin and total polyphenol were 31.74 mg/g and 20.14 mg GAE/g, respectively, in the stem hot water extract. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 541.1±21.0 and 649.5±6.6 ㎍/mL, respectively, in stem hot water extract. All extracts were non-cytotoxic in HepG2 cells, but 200 ㎍/mL stem extracts tended to decrease the viability of RAW 264.7 cells. The highest xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was 43.68% in the root hot water extract at 200 ㎍/mL. The expression level of MMP-9 was significantly decreased in the asparagus extracts. The highest GGT, AST, and LDH activities showed a concentration-dependent decrease in the stem ethanol extract. In conclusion, the presence of bioactive substances in the non-edible extracts of asparagus was confirmed for the development of extracts with antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anti-gout activities.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.132-135
• /
• 2009

Development of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel for commercial uses is a recent phenomenon. However, the growth of ethanol and biodiesel has been impressive during the period 2000-2007yr. Globally, production of biodiesel stands around 8.3 billion liters. Europe leads the world in biodiesel production with 80% share of the global biodiesel production total. Today biodiesel fuels have been in commercial use in many countries and recently the world-wide biodiesel market has experienced considerable growth, which is partly due to various tax concession programs and other financial incentives. In Korea, biodiesel has already been used for transportation fuel, but not used for power generation fuel yet. Korean government has a strategy for renewable energy propagation, especially the goal of power generation amount by renewable energy is 3% of total power production by 2012. This paper focuses on the estimation study for effect of using biodiesel as power generation fuel. The study also has the plan to replace the fuel of thermal power plant, gas turbine and distributed power generation system. As the increase of biodiesel fuel, I look forward to environment-friendly power generation and the strategy of Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.9
• /
• pp.1023-1026
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the estrogen-like activities of eight oriental medicines, including red ginseng, fenugreek, and dandelion. Hot water and ethanol extracts were prepared from Cervus nippon temminck (Nokgaksang), Cynanchum wilfordii (Baeksuo), Lespedeza cuneata (Yagwanmun), Panax ginseng (red ginseng), Smilax china (Toryeong), Taraxacum platycarpum (Mindeulre, dandelion), Tribulus terresteis (Namgase), and Trigonella foenum-graecum (Horopa, fenugreek). Then, estrogen-like activities were verified by the in vitro transcriptional activity assay. The extracts showing estrogen-like activities were red ginseng, Baeksuo, fenugreek, Yagwanmun, and dandelion in the ethanol extracts, and red ginseng, fenugreek, and Baeksuo in the hydrothermal extracts. Red ginseng extract showed a higher activity than the standard $10^{-8}M$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol in both the hydrothermal and ethanol extract at $500{\mu}g/ml$, while the $50{\mu}g/ml$ of the red ginseng ethanol extract and the $500{\mu}g/ml$ of the Baeksuo hydrothermal extract showed estradiol activities between $10^{-9}$ and $10^{-8}M$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol. This shows that it would be possible to contribute to the development of functional materials using red ginseng, Baeksuo, fenugreek, and dandelion.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.485-492
• /
• 2021

In this study, the whitening effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract was investigated to confirm its applicability in cosmetics. To determine the whitening effect, the tyrosinase-inhibitory activity of Abelmoschus esculentus hot water extract (AEWE) and 70% ethanol extract (AEEE) was measured. At the final concentration of 1000 ㎍/ml, AEWE showed an inhibitory activity of 22.2% and AEEE of 32.8%. To determine the whitening effect at the cellular level, the viability of melanoma cells treated with AEWE and AEEE was evaluated using the MTT assay. At concentrations of 100 ㎍/ml or less, both AEWE- and AEEE-treated groups showed cell survival rates of >95%. Furthermore, in both AEWE- and AEEE-treated melanoma cells, the melanin content decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of AEWE and AEEE used at 5, 10, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml on protein expression were measured by western blot, with β-actin as the positive control. At a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml, AEWE showed an inhibitory effect of 88.1%, 24.8%, 62.2%, and 42.9% on microphthalmia-associated transcription factors (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 factors, respectively. At the same concentration, AEEE showed inhibitory effect of 65.3%, 58.3%, 66.2%, and 65.3% against MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 factors, respectively. In conclusion, the whitening effects of AEWE and AEEE were verified, and their applicability as a natural ingredient in cosmetics was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.1543-1552
• /
• 2021

Atractylodes japonica has been widely used in a traditional Korean herbal medicine exerting various pharmacological activities such as diauretic action, asriction, anti-allergy, neuroprotective activity, anti-cancer, immunomodulation and gastrointestinal protective effect. This study was to investigate the antioxidant, nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines production of A. japonica extract by water and 70% ethanol. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were increased in a dose-dependent manners with both extracts and there was no difference with extract solvents. 70% ethanol extract of A. japonica showed a very strong inhibitory effect on NO production. Both extracts of A. japonica significantly reduce the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins involved in NO prodction. A. japonica extract by water and 70% ethanol inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1b. In this study, 70% ethanol extract of A. japonica significantly suppresses LPS-induced NO and inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore it can be widely used to treat and improve inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2020

Polyphenols extraction conditions including extraction solvent, temperature, pH and time were optimized for the development of functional bio-convergence materials using non-edible parts of Aronia melanocarpa including its berry. Water, ethanol, and methanol were used for the extraction of polyphenol from aronia leaves, stem and twigs. Water was selected as an extraction solvent because water gave the highest extraction yields. Among the non-edible parts, aronia leaves had the highest total polyphenol content. The polyphenol extraction conditions from aronia leaves were statistically optimized using a experimental design method: reaction time of 4.5 h, extraction temperature of 79.3℃, and pH 7.2. These optimized extraction conditions could be used for the production of functional bio-material.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.399-407
• /
• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different batches of Saururus chinensis using different roasting temperature that were dried at different using different roasting temperatures and their were determined the antioxidative activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts. Methods: Extracts were examined for the total phenolic acid content, the and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant properties, including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTs scavenging activity and, the reducing power. Results: Moisture content was significantly higher in the LSC and the crude ash content was significantly higher in the HSC. The crude protein content was higher in the LSC (although not significantly), and the crude fat and carbohydrate contents were higher in the HSC (although not significantly). The total phenolic content was lower in the samples extracted with water, but there was no significant difference. However, the extracts extracted with 70% ethanol at a high drying temperature were significantly higher. The low temperature and high drying temperature batches of Saururus chinensis were significantly higher in the samples extracted with 70% ethanol than those extracted with 70% ethanol. The total phenolic acid content, the total flavonoid content and the electron donating ability were highest in the ethanol extract of Saururuschinensis treated at a high temperature. However, the ABTs radical activity was highest in the water extracted, high-temperature treated Saururuschinensis. The 70% ethanol extract of high temperature roasted Saururuschinensis had the highest antioxidative activities of all the Saururuschinensis batches. Conclusion: The total phenolic acid contents, total flavonoid contents, electron donating activity and reducing power activity were highest in all the 70% ethanol extraction batches of the high-temperature treated samples.