• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2018

Recently, urban parks are required to actively participate with residents in order to strengthen social functions and maintain sustainable management. This study analyzed the formation process of volunteer resident groups (Chamsamo) in the neighborhood parks in which local residents can participate in an ongoing basis based on the solidarity of a daily living space. The important factors in the activation of resident activity are derived from 5 aspects including resources, local area, resident group capacity, resident group role, and public support. The results of the study are as follows. 1) Life-friendly resources: It was important to find life-friendly resources such as 'Chamsaem' in the park. The combined resources of continuous human activities provided various benefits to the residents. This has led to stronger attachment and community activities to continue to utilize attractive resources in the park. 2) Sharing Common Daily Spaces and Expansion: As the Chamsamo activities were centered around the neighborhood, the network of activists in the local community expanded. This led to continued resident interest and favorable participation as well as to the regional expansion of Chamsamo activities. 3) Park management as part of everyday life: Park management became a part of everyday life, and pleasant park management was facilitated by utilizing the talents of the residents, who carried out diverse activities and constantly streamlined their hard labor. 4) Chamsamo's Leadership Linking Residents and the Public Sector through Leading Park Management Activities: Chamsamo served as a middle leader in linking the public sector and its users. 5) Role and Support of the Public Sector: In order to be able to sustain the activities of residents, the government's willingness to support the resident-led activities of the park in planning and operating the public sector was required. In the public management system of the park, support for residents' activities such as financing, education, and consulting was necessary.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the investigation of the effects of user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities. In this research, stickiness refers to repeat visit and visit duration to an Internet community. Continued use means the willingness to continue to use an Internet community in the future. Internet community-based companies can earn money through selling the digital contents such as game, music, and avatar, advertizing on internet site, or offering an affiliate marketing. For such money making, stickiness and continued use of Internet users is much more important than the number of Internet users. We tried to answer following three questions. Fist, what is the effects of user participation on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities? Second, by what is user participation formed? Third, are network effect, social influence, and usefulness that was significant at prior research about technology acceptance model(TAM) still significant on internet communities? In this study, user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness are independent variables, stickiness is mediating variable, and continued use is dependent variable. Among independent variables, we are focused on user participation. User participation means that Internet user participates in the development of Internet community site (called mini-hompy or blog in Korea). User participation was studied from 1970 to 1997 at the research area of information system. But since 1997 when Internet started to spread to the public, user participation has hardly been studied. Given the importance of user participation at the success of Internet-based companies, it is very meaningful to study the research topic of user participation. To test the proposed model, we used a data set generated from the survey. The survey instrument was designed on the basis of a comprehensive literature review and interviews of experts, and was refined through several rounds of pretests, revisions, and pilot tests. The respondents of survey were the undergraduates and the graduate students who mainly used Internet communities. Data analysis was conducted using 217 respondents(response rate, 97.7 percent). We used structural equation modeling(SEM) implemented in partial least square(PLS). We chose PLS for two reason. First, our model has formative constructs. PLS uses components-based algorithm and can estimated formative constructs. Second, PLS is more appropriate when the research model is in an early stage of development. A review of the literature suggests that empirical tests of user participation is still sparse. The test of model was executed in the order of three research questions. First user participation had the direct effects on stickiness(${\beta}$=0.150, p<0.01) and continued use (${\beta}$=0.119, p<0.05). And user participation, as a partial mediation model, had a indirect effect on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.007, p<0.05). Second, optional participation and prosuming participation significantly formed user participation. Optional participation, with a path magnitude as high as 0.986 (p<0.001), is a key determinant for the strength of user participation. Third, Network effect (${\beta}$=0.236, p<0.001). social influence (${\beta}$=0.135, p<0.05), and usefulness (${\beta}$=0.343, p<0.001) had directly significant impacts on stickiness. But network effect and social influence, as a full mediation model, had both indirectly significant impacts on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.11, p<0.001, and ${\beta}$=0.063, p<0.05, respectively). Compared with this result, usefulness, as a partial mediation model, had a direct impact on continued use and a indirect impact on continued use mediated through stickiness. This study has three contributions. First this is the first empirical study showing that user participation is the significant driver of continued use. The researchers of information system have hardly studies user participation since late 1990s. And the researchers of marketing have studied a few lately. Second, this study enhanced the understanding of user participation. Up to recently, user participation has been studied from the bipolar viewpoint of participation v.s non-participation. Also, even the study on participation has been studied from the point of limited optional participation. But, this study proved the existence of prosuming participation to design and produce products or services, besides optional participation. And this study empirically proved that optional participation and prosuming participation were the key determinant for user participation. Third, our study compliments traditional studies of TAM. According prior literature about of TAM, the constructs of network effect, social influence, and usefulness had effects on the technology adoption. This study proved that these constructs still are significant on Internet communities.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.244-244
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• 1997

The Janggunbong area(this study area) at the central-south part in the North Sobaegsan Massif, Korea, consists mainly of Precambrian(Wonnam and Yulri Formations)-Paleozoic [Joseon Supergroup(Jangsan Quarzite, Dueumri Formation and Janggum Limestone) and Pyeongan Group(Jaesan and Dongsugok Formations)] metasedimentary rocks and Mesozoic granitoid(Chunyang granite.) This study is to interpret geological structure of the North Sobaegsan Massif in the Jang-gunbong area by analysing rock-structure and microstructure of the constituent rocks. It indicates that its geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation after the formation of gneissosity(S0) in the Wonnam Formation and bedding plane(S0) in the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. The first phase deformation(D1) formed tight isoclinal fold(F1). Its axial plane(S1) strikes east-west and steeply dips north. Its axis (L1) subhorizontally plunges east-west. The second phase deformation(D2), which was related to ductile shear deformation, formed stretching lineation(L2) and shear foliation(S2). The sense of the shear movement indicates dextral strike-slip shearing(top-to-the east shearing). The third phase deformation(D3) formed open inclined fold(F3). Its axial plane(S3) strikes east-west and moderately or gently dips north. Its axis(L3) subhorizontally plunges east-west. The F3 fold reoriented the original north-dipping S1 foliation and D2 shear sense into south-dipping S1 foliation(top-to-the west shear sense on this foliation) at its a limb. The four phase of deformation(D4) formed asymmetric-type open inclined fold(F4) of NE-vergence with NW striking axial plane(S4) and NW-NNW plunging axis(L4). The F4 fold partly reoriented pre-D4 structural elements with east-west trend into those with north-south trend. Such reorientation is recognized mainly in the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2 s.44
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• pp.49-59
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• 2006

This study clarifies the deformation history of Precambrian metamorphic rocks of Sobaegsan Massif (Wonnam Formation, Pyeonghae granite gneiss, Hada leucogranite gneiss) in Giseong-myeon area, Uljin-gun, Korea. It is based on the geometric and kinematic features and the developing sequence of multi-deformed rock structures. It also reviews the extension of Yecheon Shear Zone and the relative occurrence time of each deformation phase from previous researches. It suggests that the geological structure was formed at least through five phases of deformation after formation of their gneissosity or schistosity. (1) The first phase of deformation took placed under compression of ENE-WSW direction, forming NNW trending regional foliation and very tight isoclinal fold. The general trend of gneissosity or schistosity is inferred to be ENE before the first phase of deformation, being rearranged into NNW by the isoclinal folding. (2) The second phase of deformation formed ENE trending regional foliation and tight, isoclinal, rootless intrafolial folds under compression of NNW-SSE direction [occurrence time: after deposition (Permian age) of Dongsugok Formation, Pyeongan Croup, Janggunbong area]. (3) The third phase of deformation occurred by dextral ductile shearing on the regional foliation, forming stretching lineation of ENE trend and S-C mylonitic structure (after intrusion of Hesozoic homblende granite, Sangunmyeon area-before intrusion of Mesozoic Chunyang granite, Janggunbong area). (4) The fourth phase occurred under (E)NE-(W)SW compression, forming (N)NW trending open fold. (5) The fifth phase took place under N-S compression, forming NNE and NNW trending conjugate strike-slip faults, E-W trending thrust-slip faults, and drag folds related to these fault movements. The deformed structures of fourth and fifth phases result from tectonic movement associated with the developing of the Gyeongsang Basin in Cretaceous age, and it partially rearranged the general ENE trend of the regional foliation in the study area. It also suggests that the Yecheon Shear Zone of E-W trending extends into this area but the ductile shear deformation is weakly developed.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.224-259
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• 1997

The Janggunbong area(this study area) at the central-south part in the North Sobaegsan Massif, Korea, consists mainly of Precambrian(Wonnam and Yulri Formations)-Paleozoic [Joseon Supergroupuangsan Quarzite, Dueumri Formation and Janggun Limestone) and Pyeongan Group (Jaesan and Dongsugok Formations)l metasedimentary rocks and Mesozoic granitoid(Chunyang granite). This study is to interpret geological structure of the North Sobaegsan Massif in the Janggunbong area by analysing rock-structure and microstructure of the constituent rocks. It indicates that its geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation after the formation of gneissosity(S0) in the Wonnam Formation and bedding plane(S0) in the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. The first phase deformation(D1) formed tight isoclinal fold(F1). Its axial plane(S1) strikes east-west and steeply dips north. Its axis(L1) subhorizontally plunges east-west. The second phase deformation(D2), which was related to ductile shear deformation, formed stretching lineation(L2) and shear foliation(S2). The sense of the shear movement indicates dextral strike-slip shearing(topto-the east shearing). The third phase deformation(D3) formed open inclined fold(F3). Its axial plane(S3) strikes east-west and moderately or gently dips north. Its axis(L3) subhorizontally plunges east-west. The F3 fold reoriented the original north-dipping S1 foliation and D2 shear sense into south-dipping S1 foliation(top-to-the west shear sense on this foliation) at its a limb. The four phase of deformation(D4) formed asymmetric-type open inclined fold(F4) of NE-vergence with NW striking axial plane(%) and NW-NNW plunging axis(L4). The F4 fold partly reoriented pre-D4 structural elements with east-west trend into those with north-south trend. Such reorientaion is recognized mainly in the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.28
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• pp.235-263
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• 2012

Regarding the theme park business as an area of cultural content business, this study focuses on the trend of pursuing indoor theme parks as a small-scale small capital strategy escaped from the existing approach oriented to large-scale outdoor complex theme parks. It is because although existing large-scale outdoor complex theme parks require the capital with the scale of hundreds of billion won and also high-level technique and the latest operational know-how that they have a great barrier for new entry as well as enormous risk, the rent indoor theme parks succeed in market entry with efficient risk management and flexible market strategies. Thereupon, this study examines the current status of the children's indoor theme park market with Korean characters as their theme as a new market among the indoor theme parks and also investigates the market strategies of this market in the two aspects of expansion: the expansion of Korean characters' property value and the expansion of the local theme park market. For that, this article reviewed the advanced researches on theme parks and divided the types of theme parks existing in Korea with the criteria of classification by space and theme or classification by main users. Also, among the children's indoor theme parks with Korean characters as their theme, this study visited five ones located in the capital area to examine the current status. And about two located in the capital area and also four in the local area, the current data were received from the persons in charge of the companies for analysis. Also, with the subjects of spectators visiting the 'DIBO VILLAGE, Cheonggye-cheon' newly opened on April 25th, 2012, the research on satisfaction was conducted for analysis. Through that, this study analyzed the structure of the existing children's indoor theme park business with Korean characters as their theme and suggested the ground to analyze the effectiveness of market strategies being implemented. It is expected that this study will establish the clues of systematic and profound discussion for the indoor theme park business that can be said to be the niche market of the theme park business and allow the small-scale areal indoor theme parks to be examined as a significant business model for the local theme park industry. In the aspect of character business as well, it is expected that this will give a chance to establish a new model of spatial storytelling expansion in terms of the property value of Korean animation characters.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2007

The present study examined the epidermal changes of adhesive disks which occur during attachment in Parthenocissus tricuspidata using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Several adhesive disks, each covered with a bract, develop from the shoot apical meristem during early development. In the initial stage, the adhesive disks are club-shaped and their upper and lower epidermis are indistinguishable. However, in the actively growing stage, they become spherical and both epidermis are clearly differentiated into the adventitious roots. Prior to wall attachment, the adhesive disks exhibit adaxial convex and abaxial concave shapes, and electron-dense substances are abundant in the vacuoles of epidermal cells. The peripheral area of the adhesive disk is adhered first to the wall surface, while the central area is drawn inward in a vacuum-like state during attachment. As the attachment progresses and the electron-dense substances continue to discharge, the upper and lower epidermis rapidly undergo deterioration and the disks shrink considerably. At this stage, structural changes of the lower epidermis occur much faster than in the upper one. The discharged substance is accumulated on the wall surface, and this aids the attachment of adhesive disks on the wall for long periods. In this manner, the shape and structure of the adhesive disk epidermis change drastically from initial growth to the mature stage. Further, the role of electron-dense substance and shrinkage of the disk during attachment has been discussed in Parthenocissus tricuspidata.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.245-253
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• 2021

RC slab bridges account for the largest portion of deteriorated bridges in Korea. However, most RC slabs are not included in the first and second classes of bridges, which are subject to bridge safety management and maintenance. The highest damaged components in highway bridges are the subsidiary facilities including expansion joints and bearings. In particular, leakage through expansion joints causes deterioration and cracks of concrete and exposure of reinforced bars. Therefore, this study analyzed the effect of adhesion damage at expansion joints on the response of the deck in RC slab bridges. When the spacing between the expansion joints at both ends was closely adhered, cracks occurred in the concrete at both ends of the deck due to the resistance rigidity at the expansion joints. Based on the response results, the correlation analysis between displacements in the longitudinal direction of the expansion joint and concrete stress at both ends of the deck for each damage scenario was performed to investigate the effect of the occurrence of damage on the bridge behavior. When expansion joint devices at both sides were damaged, the correlation between displacement and stress showed a low correlation of 0.18 when the vehicles proceeded along all the lanes. Compared with those in the intact state, the deflections of the deck in the damaged case at both sides showed a low correlation of 0.34 to 0.53 while the vehicle passed and 0.17 to 0.43 after the vehicle passed. This means that the occurrence of cracks in the ends of concrete changed the behavior of the deck. Therefore, data-deriven damage detection could be developed to manage the damage to expansion joints that cause damage and deterioration of the deck.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

The alternate plating method was suggested by a tin-cobalt alloy plating process which has excellent mechanical characteristics and also favorable to environment. Tin-cobalt alloy plating has many advantages such as nontoxicity, variable color-tone, and no post-treatment process. In this study, the plating conditions such as temperature, pH, current density, plating time, and amount of additive (glycine) were determined in the tin-cobalt alloy plating process through Hull-cell test and surface analysis. As the result of Hull-cell analysis, brightness became superior as the amount of glycine increased. It was found that the optimum alloy ratio was 0.03 M of $SnCl_{2}{\cdot}2H_{2}O$ and 0.05 M of $CoSO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$ at $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.5, and $0.5A/dm^2$. The optimum amount of additive was 15 g/L of glycine and 0.1 g/L of organic acid. Then, the solution including glycine was recommended as an optimum plating solution for a chromium plating process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.633-644
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• 2008

The structural framework design uses high-strength bolts and welding in column splices. However, for the column under high compression, the number of the required high-strength bolts can be excessive and the increase of welding results in difficulty of quality inspection, the transformation of the structural steels, and the increase of erection time. According to the AISC criteria, when columns have bearing plates, or they are finished to bear at splices, there shall be sufficient connections to hold all parts securely in place. The Korean standard sets the maximum 25% of the load as criteria. Using direct contact makes it possible to transfer all compressive force through it. The objective of this study is to examine the generally applied stress path mechanism of welded or bolted columns and to verify the bending moment and compression transfer mechanism of the column splice according to metal touch precision. For this study,22 specimens of various geometric shapes were constructed according to the change in the variables for each column splice type, which includes the splice method, gap width, gap axis, presence or absence of splice material, and connector type. The results show that the application of each splice can be improved through the examination of the stress path mechanism upon metal contact. Moreover, the revision of the relative local code on direct contact needs to be reviewed properly for the economics and efficiency of the splices.