• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.972-976
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• 2019

Polyopes affinis is a kind of red algae found in the South coast and near Jeju Island of Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) on melanogenesis in ${\alpha}-MSH$ stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanoma cells were cultured for 72 hr treated with PAEE. Total melanin content and the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanogenesis, were measured. When the melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells was tested, PAEE was decreased in a dose-dependent manner: treatment with 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ caused 25%, 30%, and 35% reduction, respectively. Treatment of 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of PAEE caused 6%, 12%, and 21% reduction of tyrosinase activities in B16F10 melanoma cells. Also, PAEE suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and melanocyte-inducing transcription factor in B16F10 melanoma cells. A concentration of $500{\mu}g/ml$ of PAEE showed a greater decrease in tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and melanogenic enzyme protein expression. These results indicate that PAEE inhibits melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, and Polyopes affinis ethanol extract could be used as a functional whitening agent.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.653-659
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• 2020

This study was focused on the synthesis of methoxy polyethylene glycol-oleanolic acid ester (mPEG-OA derivative) and investigation of its water solubility and anti-melanogenic effects. mPEG-OA derivative was identified by 1H and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic measurements. The water solubilities of mPEG-OA derivative and OA were found to be 13 and 0.013 mg/mL and that of mPEG-OA was found to be 1000-fold higher than that of OA. The effects of mPEG-OA derivative and OA on cell viability were measured using B16F10 melanoma cells. The viability of cells treated with mPEG-OA derivative (250 μM) increased 4-fold compared to that of cells treated with OA (62.5 μM). At mPEG-OA derivative and OA concentrations where the cell viability was unaffected, the inhibitory effect of mPEG-OA derivative and OA on the melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells were 36 and 35% at 50 and 10 μM, respectively. The expression level of microphthalmia-associated transcription (MITF) was also reduced in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with mPEG-OA and OA. Overall, mPEG-OA derivative showed excellent water solubility and inhibitory effects of the melanogenesis, which could be used as a potential formulation for use in whitening functional cosmetic material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 2023

The fruit of Vaccinum oldhami was separated and purified to obtain the compounds chlorogenic acid (CA), quercetin (QT), and quercitrin (QR). The electron-donating abilities of CA, QT, and QR at 1,000 ㎍/ml were 91.9%, 89.9%, and 77.4%, respectively QT and QR showed 99.5% and 91.4% ABTS⁺ radical scavenging ability at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration, respectively, and CA showed a 95% ability or higher at 100 ㎍/ml. Regarding tyrosinase inhibitory activity, CA, QT, and QR exhibited 29.5%, 34.7%, and 23.7% efficacy, respectively, at 1,000 ㎍/ml. Regarding the cell viability for melanoma cells (B16F10) assessed through MTT assay, CA, QT, and QR showed cell a viability of 80% or more at 100 ㎍/ml. To measure the deterrent of protein expression, CA affected TRP-1 and TRP-2 in accordance with increases in concentration. The protein expression inhibition rate of QT was excellent for TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase. CA was confirmed to have an excellent mRNA expression inhibitory effect against MITF, and the amount of mRNA expression of TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase decreased with an increase in the CA concentration. As the concentration of QT increased, the mRNA expression of MITF, TRP-2, and tyrosinase decreased. QR decreased the amount of mRNA as the QR concentration increased. The excellent antioxidant and whitening effects of CA, QT, and QR were thus confirmed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2020

Purpose: The Rubus coreanus fruit (RF) is an important traditional medicinal herb having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. These activities are known to change dramatically, depending on maturity of the RF. It is presumed that change of functional components, such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and organic acids in RF, affect the various bioactivities. This study aimed to confirm changes in the anti-melanogenic effects of RF based on maturity, and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible. Methods: The cell viability of mature RF (MRF) and immature RF (IRF) extracts was investigated using B16F10 cells. To compare the anti-melanogenic effect of MRF and IRF extracts, we first assessed the melanin content. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to evaluate changes in the level of ellagic acid according to maturity of the RF. In addition, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of both extracts was examined. Results: MRF and IRF extracts (50-200 ㎍/mL) do not affect the cell viability of B16F10 melanoma cells. IRF extract more effectively inhibited melanin synthesis than MRF extract. The content of ellagic acid in IRF extract was higher than that obtained in MRF extract. Furthermore, greater inhibition of tyrosinase activity was observed after exposure to IRF extract than MRF extract. A positive correlation was determined between ellagic acid content and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and a negative correlation was obtained between ellagic acid content and melanin content. Taken together, our results indicate that ellagic acid is one of the major bioactive compounds of RF that imparts a whitening effect. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ellagic acid in MRF and IRF extracts affect the anti-melanogenesis effect through inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the ellagic acid rich IRF has greater potential for application as a natural and functional cosmetic material.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

This study was initiated to investigate the skin whitening activities of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of I. obliquus. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents of I. obliquus methanol extracts were 31.85 mg/g and 28.33 mg/g, respectively. The methanol extract of the mushroom treated on B16/F10 melanoma and NIH3T3 cell lines did not show cytotoxic activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and chelating activity on ferrous ions of I. obliquus methanol extract were lower than those of positive control, tocopherol and BHT. The tyrosinase and L-DOPA inhibitory activities of the extract were lower than those of positive control, kojic acid and ascorbic acid. The tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibitory activities of the melanoma cells treated with the extract were comparable with positive control, arbutin. The experimental results suggested that methanol extract of I. obliquus contained inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in the B16/F10 melanoma cells by dose dependent manner. High ultra-violet absorption spectra in the range of 280-350 nm showed that I. obliquus extract could protect skin from UV radiation damage. Therefore, fruiting bodies of I. obliquus can be used for developing skin whitening, anti-UV and skin care agents.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2008

We investigated several biological activities using the ethanol extract and its fractions from Dictyota coriacea to evaluate the usefulness of its extract as a functional biomaterial. The ethanol extract and n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed dependently inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16F10 cells. The ethanol extract and its fractions showed inhibitory effect on Tyrosinase and TRP-1 gene transcription but didn't showed inhibitory effect on TRP-2 gene transcription. Also, the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions dose-dependently inhibited the NO production in a RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that extract of Dictyota coriacea could be used as functional biomaterial in developing a skin whitening agent having the anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5350-5355
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• 2012

Human tyrosinase (hTyr) catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of a skin color determinant, melanin. Although a number of cosmetic companies have tried to develop hTyr inhibitors for several decades, absence of 3D structure of hTyr make it impossible to design or screen inhibitors by structure-based approach. Therefore, we built a 3D structure by comparative modeling technique based on the crystal structure of tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium to provide structural information and to search new hit compounds from database. Our model revealed that two copper atoms of active site located deep inside and were coordinated with six strictly conserved histidine residues coming from four-helix-bundle. Substrate binding site had narrow funnel like shape and its entrance was wide and exposed to solvent. In addition, hTyr-tyrosine and hTyr-kojic acid, a well-known inhibitor, complexes were modeled with the guide of solvent accessible surface generated by in-house software. Our model demonstrated that only phenol group or its analogs could fill the binding site near the nuclear copper center, because inside of binding site had narrow shape relatively. In conclusion, the results of this study may provide helpful information for designing and screening new anti-melanogenic agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1893-1898
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• 2013

Seaweeds, laver, sea mustard, kelp, and fusiformis, were prepared and investigated for its antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities. The extracts yield, color, total phenolic contents, antioxidative activity, and tyrosinase inhibition activity of the extract samples were measured. Hunter Lightness values of laver, sea mustard, kelp, and fusiformis extracts were 82.88, 78.53, 83.04, and 78.11, respectively. The contents of total phenolic compounds of the seaweed extracts powder, laver, sea mustard, kelp, and fusiformis were 43.23, 11.59, 10.09, and 46.59 mg/g of sample, respectively. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fusiformis extract was shown to be the highest value compared with other seaweed extracts. 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of laver, sea mustard, kelp, and fusiformis extracts were 258.00, 219.26, 95.77, and $1186.62{\mu}mol$ trolox equivalence per gram, respectively, at the 1,000 ppm level. TBARS value of oil emulsion, samples without extracts was higher than those of the samples prepared with laver and sea mustard extracts. The inhibition rates (%) of the mushroom tyrosinase of laver, sea mustard, kelp, and fusiformis extracts powder were 25.93, 26.32, 24.76 and 20.24% at 1,000 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that laver, sea mustard, kelp and fusiformis extracts possess biological activities such as antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition effect.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2011

To develop a new natural whitening agent, we investigated the tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Persicaria tinctoria Flower extracts (PTFE). PTFE showed inhibitory activity on mushroom tyrosinase with the $IC_{50}$ values of $70.8{\pm}2.2{\mu}g/mL$. We purified two active compounds from PTFE by LH-20 column chromatography and prep-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified as quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (Q3R) and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (M3R) by $^1H$nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Q3R and M3R showed tyrosinase inhibitory activities with the $IC_{50}$ values of $47.0{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/mL$ and $150.5{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results suggest that PTFE and its active compounds reduced melanin formation by the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Thus, P. tinctoria flower extracts may be a candidate for cosmetic use.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2009

The freezed Mulberry (10 kg) was extracted with 80% EtOH, concentrated, and fractionated with a series of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water on a separatory funnel. A portion of ethyl acetate soluble (22 g) was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H-$,$^{13}C$-NMR, FAB, and EI-MS. Quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (Compound I), protocatechuic acid (Compound II), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Compound III) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction. In antioxidative activities of the fractionated extractives using DPPH radical scavenging test, EtOAc and water soluble fractions indicated better than BHT as contro and in in vitro tests using MTT assay, there was no cytotoxicity. Also, tyrosinase inhibition and anticancer activities were not so good, but there may be a potential as a cosmetic raw material because the cell extension effect was excellent.