• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.281-289
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• 2010

We determined the optimum ethanolic conditions for extraction of $\gamma$-oryzanol and other functional components from rice bran, using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of the independent variables of solvent ratio ($X_1$), extraction temperature ($X_2$), and extraction time ($X_3$), on dependent variables including yield ($Y_1$), total phenolic content ($Y_2$), electron-donating activity ($Y_3$), ferulic acid level ($Y_4$), and $\gamma$-oryzanol concentration ($Y_5$). Solvent ratio and extraction temperature were the most important factors in extraction. The maximum yield was at 22.56 mL/g ($X_1$), 78.19C ($X_2$), and 522.15 min ($X_3$), at the saddle point. Total phenolic levels were little affected by solvent ratio or extraction temperature. The maximum concentration of extracted total phenolics was 90.78mg GAE/100 g at 21.26 mL/g, $94.65^{\circ}C$, and 567.97 min. A maximum electron-donating ability of 54.72% was obtained with the parameters 20.20 mL/g,$81.89^{\circ}C$, and 701.87 min, at the highest point. The maximum level of ferulic acid components was 210.47 mg/100g at 5.22 mL/g, $79.66^{\circ}C$, and 575.24 min. In addition, the maximum $\gamma$-oryzanol concentration was 660.39 mg/100g at 5.10 mL/g, $81.83^{\circ}C$, and 587.39 min. The optimum extraction conditions were a solvent ratio of 10.45 mL/g, $80^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, and 535 min extraction time. Predicted extraction levels under optimized conditions were in line with experimental values.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.112-130
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• 2006

In order to improve the waste management system for the unit of small villages, we visited 14 counties nationwide and investigated the present conditions of the farming and fishing villages on waste management. First, we selected one concentrated residential type village and one separated residential type village. Then we investigated the quantities and the characteristics of the domestic wastes generated from the 2 sample villages that we chose early on. The concentration of 7 heavy metals in open burned residuals was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) We distributed the 799 questionnaires to public servants (83 Gun, 716 Myon) and 337 questionnaires to residents. In accordance with a result of questionnaire on the Volume-Based Waste Fee System, the rate of participated questionnaire was 70.3% from public servants and 31.8% from residents. (2) From the survey on two chosen villages, the generation of municipal waste was 48.6g/person/day in A Village, 54.3g/person/day in B Village. This amount was smaller than that of national average of 1.05kg because of excluding recyclable wastes and some of incinerated combustible waste. (3) The 14 counties entered the aged society. There were 2 aging societies, 8 aged societies and 4 super-aged societies. And the average ratios of Public financial independence and waste budget of financial independence were 16.1% and 17.9% respectively. These are lower than that of national average of 57.2% and 31.4%. This indicates that these factors seemed to be operated with the hindrance insettling Volume-Based Waste Fee System in the small villages.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2017

Alkaline fuel cells using polymer electrolyte membranes are expected to replace proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which have similar system configurations. In particular, in alkaline fuel cells, a low-cost non-platinium catalyst can be used. In this study, to fabricate high performance and high durability anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cell systems, two kinds of supports, polybenzoxazole and polyethylene supports, were impregnated with Fumion FAA ionomer, by which we tried to fabricate the support-impregnated membrane which has higher mechanical strength and higher ion conductivity than the Fumion series. Finally, the Pore-filling membranes were successfully fabricated and ionic conductivity and mechanical properties were different depending on the properties of the supports. In the pore-filling membranes with Fumion ionomer on the PE support, excellent mechanical properties were obtained, but ionic conductivity decreased. On the other hand, when the PBO support was impregnated with Fumion ionomer, high ionic conductivity was shown after impregnation due to high basicity of PBO, but the mechanical strength was relatively low as compared with Fumion-PE membrane. As a result, it was concluded that it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the support according to the operating conditions of the alkaline fuel cell during the preparation of the pore-filling membranes.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate clinical assessment and cephalometric characteristics in 10s patients with condylar resorption, who visited in the Department of Oral Medicine Kyungpook National University Hospital at 2006, by use of panorama, transcranial view and lateral cephalometric radiograph. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical assessment 1) Total number of patients were 59. Female was 47 and male was 12, Females were predominant and patient's age ranged from 12 to 19. 2) Most of the patients had Grade II condyle resorption. 3) The number of who had Class I occlusion was 27, which was the largest group. The number of patients with openbite was 20. Average overjet was 3.58mm and average overbite was 0.97mm. 4) Most of the patients had parafunctional habit. 5) The patients of showing the pain in condylar resortion was 41 and the case of not showing the pain was 18. 6) Treatment duration of 23 patients were less than 1 month, 28 patients were treated with supported therapy. 2. Cephalometric Characteristics 1) A 16-year-old female patients showed smaller SNA, SNB and larger articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 2) A 17-year-old female patients showed smaller SN, SAr, TPFH, ramus height and larger SN-GoMe, FMA, articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 3) Over 18 years old female patients showed smaller SN, SNB, TPFH, ramus height and larger ANB, FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 4) Over 18 years old male patients showed smaller SN, TPFH, ramus height and larger FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 5) There was no significant difference between 10s and normal group in mandibular body length.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.753-762
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• 1994

Dephosphorylation of diphenyl- or isopropylphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate (DPNPIN or IPNPIN) mediated by $OH^-$ or o-iodosobenzoate ion ($IB^-$) are relatively slow in aqueous solution. The reactions in CTAX micellar solutions are, however, very accelerated, because CTAX micelles can accommodate both reactants in their Stern layer in which they can easily react, while hydrophilic $OH^-$(or $IB^-$) and hydrophobic phosphinates are not mixed in water. Even though the concentrations (> $10^{-3}$ M) of $OH^-$(or $IB^-$) in CTAX solutions are much larger amounts than those ($6{\times}10^{-6}$ M) of phosphinates, the rate constants of the dephosphorylations are largely influenced by change of the concentration of the ions, which means that the reactions are not followed by the pseudo first order kinetics. In comparison to effect of the counter ions of CTAX in the reactions, CTACl is more effective on the dephosphorylation of DPNPIN (or IPNPIN) than CTABr due to easier expelling of $Cl^-$ ion by $OH^-$(or $IB^-$) ion from the micelle, because of easier solvation $Cl^-$ ion by water molecules. The reactivity of IPNPIN with $OH^-$(or $IB^-$) is lower than that of DPNPIN. The reason seems that the 'bulky' isopropyl group of IPNPIN hinders the attack of the nucleophiles. The mechanism of reaction of IPNPIN with IB- ion concluded as 'nucleophilic' instead of 'general basic' by a trapping experiment and a measured kinetic isotope effect.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the management status of chronic disease at community health centers. Methods: The study subjects were 450 employed persons at community health centers in Jeonlanamdo. General characteristics, status of chronic disease management and health education were collected for statistical analysis. The differences on management status among working areas were assessed with chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The mean values of work duration were 18.7 years in rural, 14.4 years in fishing village, and 17.4 years in urban-rural, respectively. The number of management registration was highest in hypertension. The ways of disease management were medication check-up, diet stopping smoking. The contents of group health education were exercise, diet and prohibition of smoking. The place of health education was town assembling hall. The fields which officials wanted to be educated were symptom, diagnosis, treatment and complication. The most important field was early detection of chronic disease patients and health education. Finally, the field requiring support was work standardization. Conclusions: Community health workers have worked positively in chronic disease management. The barriers to work were the lack of professional and preliminary data. The support system with other health organ and health education were needed for the improvement of working ability.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution characteristics of spatial and temporal PM_2.5 in urban areas of Changwon-si, and to identify the causes of PM_2.5 by comparing the characteristics of land-use, and to suggest the direction of reduction measures. As the basic data, the every hour average from September 2017 to August 2018 of Airpro data, which has measurement points in kindergartens, elementary schools, and some middle and high schools in Changwon-si was used. Also, by using IDW method among spatial interpolation methods of GIS, monthly and time-slot distribution maps were constructed, and based on this, spatial and temporal PM_2.5 distribution characteristics were confirmed. First, to verify the accuracy of the Airpro data, the correlation with AirKorea data managed by the Ministry of Environment was confirmed. As a result of the analysis, R² was 0.75~0.86, showing a very high correlation and the data was judged that it was suitable for the study. In the monthly analysis, January was the highest year, and August was the lowest. As a result of analysis by time-slot, The clock-in time at 06-09 was the highest, and the activity time at 09-18 was the lowest. By administrative district, Sangnam-dong, Happo-dong, and Myeonggok-dong were the most severe regions of PM_2.5 and Hoeseong-dong was the lowest. As a result of analyzing the land-use characteristics by administrative area, it was confirmed that the ratio of traffic area and commercial area is high in the serious area of PM_2.5. In conclusion, the results of this study will be used as basic data to grasp the characteristics of PM_2.5 distribution in Changwon-si. Also, it is thought that the severe regions and the direction of establishing reduction measures derived from this study can be used to prepare more effective policies than before.

• Trans-
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• v.7
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• pp.103-121
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• 2019

In some documentary films, there are interviews, but in some other ones, there aren't any. As for the documentaries with interviews, the director uses talking heads to suggest their own arguments and to have audience agree. It is evident that interviews play a key role since they lead the story of a human-related documentary. Some directors prefer interviews where directors' questions and interviewees' answers are both heard. On the other hand, there a re directors who carry out the story just by using the answers from the interviewees. Then, it becomes crucial that we understand both of these styles and have new perspectives when watching documentary films. Ethics has always been considered one of the most important factors in documentaries and since they are believed to be "true," the influence documentaries have on the society is enormous. However, possibilities of exaggerating or manipulating the "truth" always exist. Therefore, it is important for the audience to identify the intentions of the director. As a matter of fact, there have been countless researches being done, but it is difficult to find studies that discuss the ways interviews are used in documentary films. The two different styles mentioned above do have huge differences in terms of directing methods. Thus, taking a look at differences from diverse angles will help us better understand the essentials of documentary films. This study will take examples from the interviews in Michael Moore's (2002), (2007) and observe how the flow of interviews can change when the voice of the director gets involved. There will also be a close examination of interviews in Kim Ilran and Hong Ji Yoo's (2011), and (2005) directed by Jim Butterworth, Aeron Lubarsky, and Lisa Sleeth, as well as Sebastian Junger and Tim Hetherington's (2010). By a careful review, use of dissolve, cross-cutting, and flashback will be analyzed to show how different editing techniques have an impact on subjective views of the director.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2003

Reproductive cycle with the gonadal development of Ruditapes philippinarum can be classified into five successive stages by histological observations: early active stage (January to March), late active stage (February to May), ripe stage (April to August), partially spawned stage (May to October), and spent/inactive stage (August to February). Changes in total protein contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the early and late active stages (February) and appeared the minimum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (May), while changes in their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (June) and gradually decreased in the partially spawned stage (June to October). On the whole, changes in total protein contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.292, p < 0.05). Changes in total lipid contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the inactive and early active stages (January) and sharply decreased in the early and late active stages (February), while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (April) and gradually decreased in the partially spawned stage (to October). On the whole, changes in total lipid contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.699, p<0.05). Changes in glycogen contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the late active and ripe stages (April) and rapidly decreased in the partially spawned stage (May to October), while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the early and late active stages (February) and rapidly decreased in the late active stage (March). Thereafter, their levels gradually increased in the ripe and partially spawned stages (April to July). On the whole, changes in glycogen contents appeared no correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = 0.062, p > 0.05). These results indicate that the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues are an important energy storage and nutrient supply organ in the Manila clams, and the nutrient contents of the adductor muscle and visceral muscle tissues change in response to gonadal energy needs.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.