• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1996

The time-course process by which spermatozoa penetrates through the micropvle apparatus into the egg cytoplasm of rainbow trout, Oncorhvnchus mvkiss, was examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In the unfertilized egg, the ess surface beneath the inner opening of the micropylar canal did not differ distinctly from the rest of the animal pole area. A spermatozoon attached to the micropvle opening 20 seconds after insemination. In the initial stases of penetration, the spermatozoon still within the micropvlar canal attached perpendicularly at its apical tip to the ess surface, then the sperm head was rapidly engulfed by the folded egg surface with its manly microvilli. A large fertilization cone with microvillus-free surface appeared on the esS surface sutra-rounding the penetrating spermatozoon. The head portion of the penetrating spermatozoon was completely wrapped by the ess surface with only the tail portion visible externally 30 seconds after insemination. The fertilization cone displayed the tail portion of the penetrating spermatozoon on the central portion of its surface 60 seconds after insemination. 150 seconds after insemination, breakdown of the cortical granules elevation were initiated at the animal pole, then completed at the vegetable pole area. The spermatozoon disappeared from the outer surface of the ess before the fertilization cone completely retracted 250 seconds after insemination. In result, the block to polvspermv to permit entry of a sin81e sperm is considered to be mechanical by the rnorpholoSical design of the micropvle and fertilization cone.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2010

The direction of Urban regeneration is changing toward holistic regeneration with residents' participation all over the world. While world leading projects in holistic regeneration such as "Ballymun of Ireland" and "Buffalo of U.S.A" appeared, recently in Korea, "Rainbow project" is getting paid attention as a similar example due to its Socio-Physical approach. The purpose of this study is to find the Effect of Socio-Physical Regeneration on Social Network characteristics of Elderly Residents in a public rental apartment. The subjects of the study are elderly residents who have resided since much before the environmental intervention. The research methods is in-depth interview. Specific features of social network included awareness of the physically improved surrounding environment, awareness of and participation in welfare programs, social interactions, identity, and vandalism behavior. As results, most of elderly residents recognized environmental improvement and felt very positive enough to enhance their attachment and pride in their residences. Physical environment changes had a considerable impact on the social network characteristics and also had a strong influence on their relations with community. Considering that permanent public rental housing has been a socially isolated place, it is significant to notice that residents' perception of being excluded and behaviors are changed gradually being influenced by environmental improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.935-939
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• 1998

The concentrations of astaxanthin and $\alpha$-tocopherol were measured from the muscle of the rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) that had been fed the red yeast(Phaffia rhodozyma) containing 0.2% astaxanthin for 7, 14 and 21 days. The effect of the astaxanthin supplementation for 21 days on peroxidation of liver and muscle lipids of the rainbow trouts was examined. The astaxanthin was found to be accumulated in the rainbow trout muscle when fed for 7 days with astaxanthin supplementation(80mg/kg diet) in the form of the red yeast and the content did not increase further when fed longer up to 21 days. Seven days supplementation of astaxanthin raised the rainbow trout muscle content of the astaxanthin to 17.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/g tissue from 11.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/g tissue in mature control group. Although the hepatic TBARS level was found to be significantly decreased, the astaxanthin supplementation did not alter the $\alpha$-tocopherol and TBARS contents of the rainbow trout muscle.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.676-684
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• 2021

Euryhaline teleost have extraordinary ability to deal with a wide range of salinity changes. To study the seawater adaptability of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (body weight 638±54 g, length 38.6±2 cm) to salinity increase fish were transferred from freshwater to 7, 14, 21, 28 and 32 psu and checked for mortality over 5 days. No mortality was observed in 0-32 psu. In fish transferred to 0-32 psu, blood osmolality was maintained within physiological range. The changes of serum enzyme activities (aspartate transaminase, AST and alanine transaminase, ALT) showed no significant level during experimental period. To explore the underlying molecular physiology of gill and kidney responsible for body fluid regulation, we measured mRNA expression of five genes, Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl^- cotransporter1 (NKCC1), aquaporin3 (AQP3), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) in response to salt stress. Based on our result, rainbow trout could tolerate gradual transfer up to 32 psu for 5 days without mortality under physiological stress. This study suggests to alleviate osmotic stress to fish, a gradually acclimation to increasing salinity is recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.270-284
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• 1997

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on the metaboβsm and body pigmentation of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri), masu salmon(Oncorhynchus macrostomos), eel(Anguilla japonica), rock fish(Sebastes inermis) and black rock fish(Sebastes schlegeli). Three weeks later after depletion, these fishes were fed diet supplemented with ${\beta}-carotene$, lutein, canthaxanthin', astaxanthin or ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ for 4 to 5 weeks, respectively. Carotenoids distributed to and changed in integument were analyzed. In the integument of rainbow trout. zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$ and canthaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, isocryptoxanthin and salmoxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of masu salmon, zeaxanthin was found to be the major carotenoids, while triol, lutein, tunaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and canthaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ was found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, zeaxanthin and ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of rock fish, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, tunaxanthin$(A{\sim}C)$ and lutein were found to be the major carotenoids, while ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ and astaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. Likely in the integument of black rock fish, ${\beta}-carotene$, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, whereas ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, lutein and canthaxanthin were the minor contributor. The efficacy of body pigmentation by the accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of rainbow trout and masu salmon were the most effectively shown in the canthaxanthin group and of eel, rock fish and black rock fish were the most effectively shown in the lutein group. Based on these results in the integument of each fish, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotransformed via oxidative and reductive pathways. In the rainbow trout, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to astaxanthin via successively isocryptoxanthin, echinenone and canthaxanthin. Lutein was oxidized to canthaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via isozeaxanthin, and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the masu salmon, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to zeaxanthin. Lutein was reduced to zeaxanthin via tunaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via ${\beta}-carotene$. and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ and lutein were directly deposited but canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$, and cholesterol lowering effect by Meju supplementation might be resulted from the modulation of fecal axanthin, astaxanthin and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ were oxidized and reduced to tunaxanthin via zeaxanthin. In the black roch fish, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$. Lutein was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via successively ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin. Astaxanthin converted to tunaxanthin via isocryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics T
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• v.36T no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1999

A real-time holography system using LCD with CCD camera is proposed. In this system, the rainbow hologram is used since it can be reconstructed by white light source. And to record on CCD camera, a kind of in-line holography method is used to widen the width of the fringe pattern. The interference fringe pattern by proposed system is detected with CCD camera and transferred to the LCD. A 3-dimensional image is reconstructed when the white light source illuminates the LCD. If the position of the input image is changed, that of the reconstructed image is also changed. So it can represent 3-dimensional moving images at real-time. In this paper, to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method, the reconstructed image by holographic film is compared to the same reconstructed image by LCD. In the recording process, the optimal ratio of the reference and object beam intensity is also investigated.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2019

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were treated with ultrasonic (40kHz) and microbubble. The organic serum components, glucose were decreased compared to control at microbubble single treatment (M) and ultrasonic treatment (UL), but glucose concentrations in fish serum of all experimental groups analyzed in this study were also within the normal range. The organic serum components, cholesterol and total protein were no significant change by ultrasonic and microbubble treatment. There were no significant changes in the lysozyme activity on ultrasonic and microbubble treatment. Serum bactericidal activity decreased on ultrasonic single treatment (UL) compared to the control (P<0.05), but the numbers of bacterial colonies were significantly lower than those in the negative (PBS). The results of this study indicate that ultrasonic and microbubble treatment did not have a critical effect on the serum composition and innate immunity of O. mykiss, and that it is a way to do not significant stress on the fish body as a countermeasure against sea lice.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the histological changes of sperm cells in testis, obtained from 100 of 3-year-old male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) collected and analysed from March in 1992 to February in 1993. Especially, the ultrastructural changes of spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa were examined to describe the reproductive cycles of this species. The results obtained in this study were as follows: The ultrastructures of the gonadotrophs largely parallel the cyclical changes in the testes. Each nest of cells belongs to one spermatogenetic stage, although nests at different stages can be found within the one lobule. At first keterochromatin is dispersed and then is condensed. In mature gamete, the nucleus is dense and homogeneous. The nuclear membrane appeared at the beginning of differentiation. In spermatogonia, Sertoli cells are located at the periphery of their cytoplasm. In the primary spermatocytes, the small mitochondria are abundant over the outer cytoplasm. During cell differentiation, the cytoplasm decreases and the nucleus increases. In spermatids, the protein masses moved towards the posterior part of the nucleus. In late spermatids, the two large mitochondria are located over the cytoplasm. In spermatozoa, two spheroidal mitochondria (about 145nm long) are situated in parallel between the nucleus and the axoneme. Spermatozoa mitochondria are assembled into an organized sheath surrounding the outer dense fibres and axoneme of the flagellar midpiece. The two centrioles are quite separate and the central pair and sheath complex of the flagellum is inserted into the base of the distal centriole.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2002

Present study was aimed to summary the recent reports of chromosomal technology such like a polyploidv, sex differentiation, gynogenesis, transgenic fish and gene manipulation. Triploid cells for rainbow trout and channel catfish were induced through thermal shocks of varying temperature levels and produced as a industrial use. A monosex fish with homogametic females of 15 species of high valued fish were produced by exposing to irradiation. It seemed that different irradiation was suitable to inactivate the sperm and block the formation in producing the gynogenetic diploids. Since 1985, transgenic fish have been successfully produced by microinjecting or electroporating desired foreign DNA into unfertilized or newly fertilized eggs using about 40 fish species. More recently, transgenic fish have also been produced by infecting newly fertilized eggs with pantropic, defective retroviral vectors carrying desired foreign DNA. These transgenic fish can serve as excellent experimental models for basic scientific investigations as well as in marine biotechnological applications.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1995

An attempt was made to elucidate the stability of serum metabolites and enzyme activities in blood samples taken from rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli), Israeli carp(Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) under different storing conditions. The concentrations of total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), triglyceride(TG), cholesterol(CHOL) glucose(GLC), phosphorus(P) and sodium(Na), and the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in serum were investigated for 16 days at $15^{\circ}C$(room temp.) and $4^{\circ}C$ (refrigerative) condition, or frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ for period of 30 days. Though there was a little difference between fish species, the concentrations of TP, ALB, GLC, P, Na in serum were stable at all storing temperatures, while those of TG, CHOL, ALT and AST were not stable, particularly even at the normal temperature. In general, serum components were more stable at refrigerative and frozen conditions than at room temp. storing. However, it was noticeable that the stability of CHOL in rockfish serum was found to be more unstable at $-20^{\circ}C$ than kept at $15^{\circ}C$ or$4^{\circ}C$.