• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.217-234
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• 2009

This study characterized groundwater quality and the influence of agrochemicals in a part of Ilgwang-Myeon agricultural area in Gijang-Gun, Busan Metropolitan City, using factor analyses. From the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd analyses of groundwater samples, the mean concentrations of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$, $NO_3\;^-$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4\;^{2-}$, $F^-$, and $SiO_2$ were higher in the 2nd analysis than the other analyses. Pesticide carbofuran and herbicide alachlor were detected at the wells more than a half of all the wells in the 2nd analysis but not in the 4th analysis. This fact may be explained by that a higher precipitation induced higher infiltration rate of contaminants into groundwater during the 2nd survey. According to R- and Q-mode factor analyses, and chemical composition, inorganic constituents excepting $SiO_2$, $HC0_3\;^-$-, and $F^-$ may be influenced by anthropogenic sources (manures, synthetic fertilizers, and domestic wastes), seawater as well as water-mineral interaction. A typical indicator of groundwater contamination, nitrate, exceeds around 4-5 times over the Korean standard for drinking water. Additionally, the influence of seawater diminishes from the seaside to inland.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1051-1059
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• 2007

Bioterrorism intends to cause mass casualties and social panic by means of malicious pathogenic microorganisms. Environmental decontamination becomes very important as a follow-up measure if that happens. Conventional methods for decontamination is that aqueous disinfectants are being sprayed for killing or not spreading microorganisms with the purpose of preventing infection. However, these procedures are not enough to perfectly sterilize space or surface inside of building, requiring additional measures such as surface disinfection or gas treatment methods. This article deals with the issues about the present decontamination procedures, global trends, in order to formulate suggestion for advanced environmental decontamination.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 1996

Removal of Mn-EDTA complex and fluoride by use of hematite and ferrite, which are the by-product to be disposed of as industrial wastes, was investigated. For the comparison of removal rate, Na-bentonite known as excellent absorbent of inorganic contaminants was included in the experiments. As the results of batch mode experiments, for manganese, ferrite-A revealed 48∼65% of removal capacity, ferrite-B 46∼57%, hematite 17∼26%, while Na-bentonite showed 10∼23% of removal, depending on the initial concentration. Meanwhile, in case of fluoride : hematite revealed 53 ∼63% of removal : ferrite-A 54∼63 %, while ferrite-B did 20∼38 %. From the results, it can be postulated that the capacity of hematite and ferrite to attenuate inorganic pollutants, especially when they form complex ions, is superior to that of Na-bentonite. Consequently, the mixing of such oxide minerals with Na-bentonite will reinforce the function of Na-bentonite, especially in the undergroud liner aspect.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.604-608
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• 2006

Polymer composites for measuring the radioactive contamination are prepared by coating ZnS(Ag) powders as a scintillator on polysulfone base layer. The composites consist of the active layer for a scintillation reaction with radioactive wastes and the transparent support layer for transmittance of light photons emitted by scintillation in the active layer. The binding of the active layer, including ZnS(Ag), on the support layer is proceeded via coating with polysulfone as a binder, without any extra adhesive. The coating was obtained by either casting via a Doctor Blade as applicator or screen printing. The prepared composites feature a monolithic structure, resulting in the complete adhesion between two layers. The composite prepared by the casting technique using an applicator holds a good detection efficiency in measuring the alpha radionuclide, but its structure becomes fragile because of warping in morphology. On the contrary, the composite prepared by the screen printing shows a good detection capacity as well as a good stability in a mechanical shape.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

A pilot-scale model test was performed to estimate the availability of new material, Fe-loaded zeolite, as the filling material in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) against the contaminated groundwater with both Cd and Cr(VI). Aquifer was simulated by filling up a large scale soil tank with sands, and mobilizing the water flow by the head difference of water level in both ends of the tank. Then, the mixture of concentrated Cd and Cr(VI) solution was injected into the aquifer to form a contaminant plume, and its behavior through Fe-loaded zeolite barrier was monitored. The test results showed that Fe-loaded zeolite barrier successfully treated the contaminant plume containing both Cd and Cr(VI) and that the immobilized contaminants in the barrier were not desorbed or released. The results indicated that the Fe-loaded zeolite could be a promising material in PRBs against the multiple contaminants with different ionic forms like Cr(VI) and Cd.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.179-195
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• 2004

The trophic state of the coastal waters of the southern part of Korea was assessed using biogeochemical data obtained from the National Marine Environmental Monitoring Program conducted by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute for six years. The trophic state of different areas, analyzed by non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, could divide the areas into three groups. Masan Bay, with suboxic water masses and/or the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus occurred, was assessed as being in a hypertrophic state. Ulsan Bay, Onsan Bay, Busan and Jinhae Bay, located near strong point sources, were in a eutrophic state. Other areas, including Tongyong, Yosu, Mokpo and Jeju island, were evaluated as being in a mesotrophic state. During 1997 to 2002, the average values of excess nitrogen, which is the difference between the measured dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and the corrected DIN using the Redfield ratio, were positive at Ulsan, Onsan, and Busan, where there were inflows from polluted rivers. In contrast, those were negative values in Haengam Bay, Gwangyang Bay and nearby Yosu. This suggests that the limiting element for phytoplankton growth differed among sites. The time series data of excess nitrogen showed gradual decrease over time in the hypertrophic waters, but the opposite trend in the mesotrophic waters. This indicated that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphate varied according to the trophic state of the coastal waters. The enrichment of organic matter in sediment in eutrophic waters would disturb the normal pattern of biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and phosphate. In order to assess the condition of the coastal environment, the benthic boundary layer should be considered.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2000

Recently the harmfulness of W radiation is in creasing due to encironmental pollution. Environmental population may also play a role in global decrease of ozone layer, A major consequence of ozone depletion is increase in solar ultra violet radiation received at the earth's surface excessive exposure to W radiation cause a lot of problems in our skin. Plant extract that possess antioxidative activities has been reported to retard the oxidation process in product to which they have been added. Plant are alived under solar light. So it is expect the plants have so many protection mechanisms and UV absorbent ingredients against ultra violet radiation such as UVB, UVA. Plant extract which were flavonoids, alkaloids and others could be transformed into UV absorber by chemical modification. Therefore with the aim of finding alternative natural absorber that can safely be used in cosmetic, we have screened various extract for their UV absorbent effect. Thus, the cosmetic safety against human skin, antimicrobial effects and others could be improved by using the silicon.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 1994

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor system for the detection of odorants, especially environmental pollutant, has been constructed by depositing various phospholipids, activated carbon and lead compound pigment onto the surface of the QCM. The characteristics of a QCM operating at 9 MHz deposited with phosphatidyl- choline were analysed. An explanation is given for different odorant affinities based on the monolayer properties of phospholipids. The identification of odorants is discussed in terms of a comparison of their normalized resonant frequency shift patterns and relative response intensities calculated from the response areas. Applying the lead compound pigment coated QCM, it was possible to detect sulfur compound specifically. Using a number of different lipid-coated QCMs, odorants could be identified by comparing the response patterns.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.19-32
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• 2006

The stone pagoda of the Bunhwangsa temple made by piling small brick-shaped stones. The major rock forming stone bricks are andesites with variable genesis. Rock properties of the pagoda roof stone suffer partly including multiple peel-offs, exfoliation, decomposition like onion peels, cracks forming round lines and falling off stone pieces. The stylobates and tabernacles in all the four directions the pagoda are mostly composed of granitic rocks. Those rock properties are heavily contaminated by lichens and mosses with the often marks of inorganic contamination by secondary hydrates that are dark black or yellowish brown. Within the four tabernacles and northern pagoda body situated to relatively high humidity. There are even light gray precipitate looking like stalactites between the northern and western rocks of the body Their major minerals are calcite, gypsum and clays. The stone lion standing in the southeast and northeast side are alkali granite, while that in the southwest and northwest lithic tuff. Total rock properties of the pagoda are 9,708 pieces, among the all properties, fractured blocks are 11.0%, fall out blocks are 6.7% and covered blocks by precipitates are 7.0%, respectively. The pagoda has highly deteriorated the functions of the rock properties due to physical, chemical and biological weathering, therefore, we suggest that this pagoda has need to do long term monitoring and synthetic conservation researches.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.379-380
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• 2003

연소나 폐기물 감량화 처리를 위해 이루어지는 소각과정에서 방출되는 대기오염물질은 소각재의 다양한 특성으로 인해 배출물의 특성파악이 매우 어렵고 그로 인해 제어에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 연소 혹은 소각과정에서 에어로졸을 제어하는 것은 대기 중에서 발견되는 중금속성분을 근본적으로 줄이는 기본적인 조치로서 상당히 중요한 역할을 한다(Natusch and Wallace, 1974; Oppelt, 1986; Oberdorster et al., 1995). 본 연구에서는 소각공정에서 금속성 에어로졸 형태로 배연기체 중에 혼합되어 배출되는 여러 가지 금속성분 중 양적으로 많이 배출되는 납성분의 제어를 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. (중략)