• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-80
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• 2020

Objectives : To clarify the construction, changes, and contents of the diagrams of spleen through comparison of 30 different diagrams originated from Mingtangzangfutu. Methods : The diagrams were analyzed in whole shape, ratio between width and height, shape of the lower part, and concavo-convex of the middle part, then matched to the characteristics of the section diagram. The contents of the diagram of the spleen were newly interpreted with comparison to the classical texts. Results : The whole shape is described to be a long sword, long stick, bottle gourd, western pear, sole of feet. The height to width ratio was mostly above 4.0:1, but those listed in the 『Bianquemaishunaning』 and 『Hehensancaituhui』 were 1.9:1~1.0:1, most similar to the numbers described in the 『Nanjing』. The shape of the lower part was narrow and sharp, narrow and flat or wide and flat. To analyze through affiliation characteristic, properties of other affiliations could be found. In comparison to classical texts, the diagrams could be found to be affected by 『Nanjing』 and Wangbing's annotations. The diagrams of the spleen should be composed of the spleen, the cord of spleen, and Sangao(散膏); but those which distinguish the spleen and the cord of spleen are twelve. The description of its shape as being similar to sword or sickle seems to come from Lichan's misunderstanding of the diagram in 『Zhenjiujuying』. Those that mention Sangao are merely two and their opinion on the position are different from each other; both did not identify it with the pancreas. Conclusions : In the process of the diagrams differentiating into 30 they were affected by the classical texts. The various changes seem to come from difference in understanding of the content composition of the diagram of the spleen.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.151-164
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• 1995

한국보건사회연구원의 조사결과에 의하면 이상적인 성비는 1960년의 160에서 1991년에는 130으로 크게 낮아졌다. 아직도 한국 부인들의 이상자녀수는 여아보다 남아가 더 많게 나타나고 있다. 남아의 가치에 대해서는 1960년대에는 노후봉양이 가장 으뜸가는 변수였으나, 최근에는 가계계승보다도 그 중요도가 떨어지고 있는 경향을 보이고 있다. 또한 정서적 유대, 즉 아들이 있어야 든든하다는 식의 주장이 보다 강한 이유로 지적되고 있다. 이러한 남아선호사상은 사회적으로 상당한 영향을 미치는 요인이 되고 있다. 즉 성비의 불균형과 장래의 결혼시장의 혼란이 초래된다는 문제가 그것이다. 예를 들면 현재 셋째 및 넷째 아이의 성비가 크게 상승하고 있는 문제이다. 즉, 1992년의 경우 첫째 아이의 출생성비는 여아 100명당 남아 196.5이고, 넷째 아이의 경우는 229.0으로 더욱 높게 나타났다. 그리고 2000년에는 결혼적령의 남녀 성비의 차이는 신부보다 신랑이 19.1%나 많아질 것이며, 이러한 차이는 2010년에 가면 더욱 심화되어 신부감보다 신랑감이 무려 28.6%가 초과될 전망이다. 가뜩이나 농촌 총각들이 장가 들기가 어려운 터에 장가 못갈 총각이 크게 늘어날 수 밖에 없는 사정이 된다면 사회적으로 큰 혼란이 야기될 것임에 틀림없다. 이러한 성비의 불균형이 초래되는 배경은 남아선호사상의 잔존으로 저출산 내에서 태아의 성을 감별함으로써 선택적인 인공유산을 하는데서 비롯되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 현재에도 불식되지 않고 있는 남아선호사상에 대한 주의를 다시 한번 환기시켜야 할 것이다. 특히 이 분야의 보다 깊은 연구를 지속적으로 실시하여 대응전략의 제시에 노력해야 할 것이며, 우선 무엇보다도 여성들의 사회적 지위향상 등 여권신장에 관한 정책적 노력과 더불어 교육 홍보를 통한 노력이 강화되어야 할 것이다. 아울러 태아의 성감별 등 바람직하지 못한 의술남용 행위 등을 근절토록 보다 강력한 법적 적용에도 행정력을 집중시켜 나가야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.400-405
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• 2004

Biliary atresia is defined as a complete obstruction of bile flow owing to destruction or absence of all or part of the extrahepatic bile ducts. This disease is occurring in approximately 1:10,000 live births and moderate predominance of female is noted. The etiology of biliary atresia remained unsolved. The signs and symptoms are hyperbilirubinemla, jaundice, clay-colored stools, steatorrhea, dark yellow urine and hepatomegaly. Currently biliary atresia is best managed by hepatic portoenterostomy with or without liver transplantation. Biliary atresia patients with these cases showed staining of the teeth. The stains ranged in color from yellowish-brown to deep green. Enamel hypoplasia was all erupted teeth present. Patients had poor oral hygiene and rampant caries.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2016

Objectives : The goal of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that the diagrams of liver from MingTangZangFuTu (明堂臟腑圖) were derived from ZangFu diagrams (臟腑圖) before northern Song Ages. Methods : The difference of form of liver was analyzed by means of 4 factors, e.g. shape, number, veins and a petiole of leafs, in diagrams from YanLuoZiNeiJingTu [煙蘿子內境圖], OuXiFanWuZangTu [歐希範五臟圖], CunZhenTu [存眞圖], MingTangZangFuTu and ones of liver from Taoism and MingTangZangFuTu. Results : Diagrams of whole body and liver from MingTangZangFuTu were first found in ZhenJiuJuYing (鍼灸聚英). Among them, lobed shape was first found in YanLuoZiNeiJingTu (in Wudai [五代]), a petiole in OuXiFanWuZangTu (northern Song Ages) and 7 leafs in WuZangLiuFuTu (五臟六腑圖. from Tang (唐) Ages to early northern Song Ages. unknown author.), one of references of UiBangNyuChwi (醫方類聚) (1455). However, veins of leafs were drawn in no diagrams. Conclusions : In diagrams of liver from MingTangZangFuTu, shape and a petiole of leafs were based on diagrams of ZangFu before northern Song Ages, but 7 leafs came from WuZangLiuFuTu. However, veins of leafs were not derived from any diagrams in same period.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.1 s.61
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• pp.98-103
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• 2006

This paper analyzed deaths caused by fires using the Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics (based on vital registration) published by the Korea National Statistical Office. The number of fire deaths and the fire death rates of all deaths have started to decrease since the height in 1993. The younger groups have increasingly more fire deaths than the older groups. While children groups(age 10 and under) have decreased in their deaths caused by fires, the older groups (65 and over) tend to increase. Males are more likely to have a risk than females in all age groups. Fire death rates per 100,000 populations by age group suggest very high rates in the older groups. Although there are few changes in death rates caused by fires of all deaths, young children (age 4 and under) and older adults (age 75 and over) have a higher risk than any other age groups.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.86-93
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• 1977

An epidemiological study was conducted, from April 28 to June 3, 1975, to investigate source and course of infection of typhoid fever occurred in Munhyeon Dong, Nam Gu, Busan. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The entity of unknown febrile disease was identified as Salmonella typhi, D group and it's symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, nausea and vomiting, aplenomegaly, rose spots, tenderness of ileocecal region etc., in that order. 2. The average duration from onset to recovery was 25.2 days and incidence rate was 39.5 per 1,000 population. 3. The source of infection was presumed a charity patient. 4. By the duration of report on the cases from onset, 10-19 days group was the highest. 5. The positive rate of initial stool culture was 38.9% and secondary was 5.6%. 6. Distribution of the cases by age and sex showed that 5-9 years old group was the highest as 30.5%, and male was higher than female. 7. Distribution of the cases by education level, under primary school as 66.6% was the highest. By the living standard, the highest was low income earner group as 77.8%. 8. Utilization rate of medical facilites was drug store (41.7%), herbal drug (8.3%), clinic (5.6%) in that order.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 2017

This study reports the result of the survey on collection management from 154 school libraries in Korea. The questionnaire is consisted of three section: state of collection, state of book use, and collection management system. Results reveal that (1) elementary schools and middle schools have many books for each student compared to the KLA's School Library Standards; (2) the component ratio of literature books is the biggest in school library collections; (3) the ratio of library book use is overwhelmingly higher in elementary schools than middle schools and high schools; (4) 64.6 percent of library books in the sample are never used during 2013-2015; (5) 74 percent of libraries have its own collection management document; (6) Almost all schools compose its own committee for library management, the committee plays an important roles in the communication among school members, collection development and promotion.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.31-54
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• 2016

Objectives : The goal of this paper is to research what affected diagrams of liver originated from Mingtangzangfutu while they were changed. Methods : Diagrams of liver in Traditional Chinese and Japanese medical books had been gathered as many as possible. After they were divided into ones which were originated from Mingtangzangfutu and the others, diagrams originated from Mingtangzangfutu, were again classified into 4 filiations according to Huang Longxiang(黃龍祥)'s standard. Apart from his classification, they were analysed by 4 form factors, e.g. shape, number, veins and petiole of leafs. Results : Reliability of this methods had been confirmed by the correspondence with Huang's 14 standard books, before 29 diagrams of liver were derived from 33 books including 13 books that Huang had already suggested. The lobes of liver in most of diagrams resembled 7 lanceolate or long oval leafs, or a maple leaf with 6 indentations, 4 left lobes and right 3 ones. In most of diagrams, veins of leafs were described variously, and petioles of leafs were drawn more shortly or longer. Analysing 29 diagrams by 4 form factors proved that Huang's classification had crossing features among 4 filiations. This phenomenon implied the painters or doctors drawing diagrams might not convince if the shape of liver was correct or not. Although veins and petiole of leafs in diagrams of liver could be compared with tissues in liver in modern human anatomy, diagrams were not been affected by dissection from Yuan(元) to middle Qing(淸) dynasty. Conclusions : Lingshu(靈樞), Nanjing(難經) and Wang Bing would had constantly acted on 29 diagrams of liver, since diagram of liver originated from Mingtangzangfutu, appeared first in Zhenjiujuying(鍼灸聚英). But they did not come from dissection during same periods.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2009

Ready-to-eats fresh cut-vegetables that may be consumed without further cooking or reheating can be grouped as potentially high risk foods. The foodborne disease outbreaks associated with consumption of the fresh cut-vegetables have been related with the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes. The food survey and consumption data sets for fresh cut-vegetables and also the published dose-response models for L. monocytogenes, was used to estimate the risk of L. monocytogenes for fresh cut-vegetables in Korea. Also, the simulation model and formulas with Microsoft@ Excel spreadsheet program using these data sets and chose dose-response model was developed. The mean case of listeriosis by consumption of the fresh cut-vegetables per 10 million per year was estimated as $3.23{\times}10^{-6}$. Results suggest that additional studies were needed to allow for a more realistic and accurate microbial risk assessment (MRA) in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.239-249
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore process of life experience for mothers of children with severe disabilities. Strauss and Corbin's Grounded theory approach was used. Total 17 mothers who have experience of caring for severely disabled child participated. In-depth interviews was done from January 2010 to May 2011. Three to seven interviews were done for each participant. As a result of this study, 119 concepts, 41 subordinate categories and 20 categories have been revealed. The experience of caring children with severe disabilities were 'desolate life' 'plunging in darkness' 'managing to pull oneself' 'rising again' and 'rediscovering of life'. The core category of selective coding was rediscovering of new life from life in darkness. It is suggested that welfare policies need to be modified and new policies need to established for mothers who care for severely disabled children.