• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.454-461
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• 2015

This study aims to classify the biotope types based on the vegetation community in built-up areas by different land use and to map the plant communities. By classifying biotopes according to a taxonomic system, the characteristics of a biological community can be well-represented. The biotope classification indexes for the target area include human behavioral factors such as land use intensity, land-use patterns and land-cover types. The type classification was divided into four hierarchic ranks starting with Biotope Class, next by Biotope Group and Biotope Type and lastly by Biotope Sub-Type. The Biotope Class was first divided into two areas: the areas improved by humans and the areas unimproved by humans. The improved areas were again divided into permeable and non-permeable regions on the Biotope Group level. In the Biotope Type level, permeable paving areas were divided into areas with wide gap pavers and those with narrow gap pavers. The differential species of each biotope type are Lindera glauca, Conyza canadensis, Mazus pumilus, Vicia tetrasperma, Crepidiastrum sonchifolium, Zoysis japonica, Potentilla supina and Festuca arundinacea. The results of this study suggest that the biotope classification methodology, using a subjective phytosociological approach, is a useful and valuable tool and the results also suggest the possibility of applying more objective and scientific methods in mapping and classifying various environments.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

The study was conducted to get a information on the dominance and distribution of weeds occurred in major orchards including apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum at 631 sites of Gyeongsangbuk-do during winter and summer season. The weeds classified by family and life cycle occurred in the five orchards were summarized as 36 family and 105 species in apple orchard, 34 family and 126 species in grape orchard, 34 family 126 species in peach orchard, 33 family 98 species in pear orchards, and 36 family 111 species in plum orchard. In addition to life cycle of weeds, most orchards except for pear orchard were dominant to biennial weeds. The most dominant importance value was observed in pear orchards as 6.57%. In winter's season, the weeds were summarized as 31 family and 89 species in apple orchard, 28 family and 71 species in grape orchard, 32 family 111 species in peach orchard, 27 family 68 species in pear orchards, and 33 family 83 species in plum orchard. In summer's season, the weeds were distributed as 31 family and 101 species in apple orchard, 27 family and 69 species in grape orchard, 29 family 91 species in peach orchard, 31 family 94 species in pear orchard, and 31 family 97 species in plum orchard. In winter season, the most dominant weeds in apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum orchard were Capsella bursa-pastoris, Laria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Erigeron canadensis, in turn. In summer season, the most dominant weeds in apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum orchard were Acalypha australis, Acalypha australis, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis, and Setaria viridis, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of naturalized plants in Jeollanamdo which is located in the south-western areas of Korea from May 10, 2005 to December 20, 2006, and to suggeste the management methods of naturalized plants. The naturalized plants constisted of 29 families, 84 genera, 122 species, 8 varieties, totaling 130 taxa and ratio of naturalization was 45 percents at the study sites. According to the number of species investigated from each sites, 103 taxa were from Yeongam, 98 taxa were from Mokpo, 97 taxa were from Shinan, while it was higher in the other sites. A total of 30 naturalized plant communities were classified. In those eight sites, the common appearance communities were Robinia pseudo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Bromus catharticus, Eragrostis curvula, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca myuros, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Paspalum distichum var. indutum, Rumex obtusifolius, Oenothera biennis, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Ambrosia artemisiofolia var. elatior, Comos bipinnatus, Rudbeckia bicolor, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron annuus-Erigeron canadensis, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cosmos sulphureus community. The distributional characteristics of naturalized plants were divided on the basis of six areas associated with ecological characteristics of a habitat

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Ssanggok valley, Chilsung-myeon, Geosan-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do, and the survey of period was from March, 2006 to June, 2007. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 401 taxa; 88 families, 242 genera, 342 species, 52 varieties and 7 forma. The korean endemic plants were 8 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Asarum maculatum, Clematis trichotoma, Zanthoxylum schinifolium var. inermis, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis and Saussurea seoulensis. The endangered plant designate by the ministry of environment was Berchemia berchemiaefolia. The rare plants designated by Korea forest service were 7 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus, Asarum maculatum, Paeonia japonica, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Viola albida, Rhododendron micranthum and Lilium distichum. In future, we will discuss a concrete conservation plan and propagation method about rare plants for conservation. The plant resources were 220 taxa of ornamental plant, 239 taxa of edible plant, 281 taxa of medicinal plant and 206 taxa of others. The naturalized plants were 13 taxa; Dactylis glmerata, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium glaucum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Aster subulatus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Helianthus tuberosus and Taraxacum officinale. The naturalized index and Urbanized index were about 3.24% and 4.53%.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1999

Korean native plants and naturalized plants were analyzed for allelochemicals, and their antimicrobial effects were studied. The difference in soluble solid contents between Korean native plants and naturalized species was not significant, and the Korean native plant, Solanum nigrum showed the highest soluble solid content of 90 mg/ml. The ethanol extract of the Korean native plant, Solanum nigrum showed antifungal activity to Aspergillus phoenicis KCTC 1228, with a clear zone of 18 mm, and spore formation was not observed from the treatment. The naturalized plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Erigeron canadensis showed inhibition of spore formation and the clear zones were at 24 mm and 22 mm, respectively. The clear zones of Aspergillus phoenicis KCTC 1228 treated with ethanol extrats of Phytolacca americana and Rudbeckia bicolor were 22 mm and 19 mm, respectively, and spore formation was observed from the treatment. The Korean native plant, Solanum nigrum and naturalized plants, Phytolacca americana and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus sphiaericus 2362, and Bacillus sphiaericus 2297, Bacillus thuringiensis var. subtilis and Baicillus thuringiensis var. cereus. The antimicrobial activity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior showed the largest clear zone of 32 mm against Bacillus thuringiensis var. subtilis. In general, the more soluble the solid contents of the extracts, the greater were the antifungal and antimicrobial activities. The phenolic compounds from the Korean native plant, Solanum nigrum and the naturalized species, Phytolacca americana and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Three phenolic compounds including hydroquinone were identified in Solanum nigrum. In contrast, five and seven phenolic compounds were identified in Phytolacca americana and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, respectively. The antifungal activity against Aspergillus phoenicis KCTC 1228 was found to be due to the coumaric and benzoic compounds.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2003

Mountain Chungyeong, 879m in altitude, is located in the northeast of the middle area in Korea. Around Mt. Chungyeong, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is close to Seoul, a capital of Korea, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefor, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from August, 2001 to September, 2002. weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 5 communities and 5 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Erigeron annuus subcommunity, A-b: Carex. lanceolata subcommunity, B: Pseudostellaria palibiniana community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Galium trachyspermum subcommunity, C: Pueraria thunbergiana community, D: Lespedeza maximowiczii community, E: Rubus crataegifolius community, F: Oplismenus undulatifolius community, The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 47 families, 101 genera, 17 varieties, and 149 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Lespedeza maximowiezii, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia japonica and Lysimachia clethroides were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-258
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• 2006

The monitoring of vegetation and water quality before(2003), during(2004) and after(2005) the restoration work of Cheonggye Stream indicated that $BOD_5$ concentration before the project averaged 51.1mg/L and that both the inflow of water from Hang River and the funnel of subway station water into the stream lowered the $BOD_5$ to 3.3mg/L, improving its water quality to the third grade. Species of plants slightly increased from 121 to 132 after the restoration. Specifically, perennial plant comprised 35.6%, an increase from 24.8% recorded before the restoration. Phragmites communis and Zoysia japonica communities were observed as the introduction vegetation. However, Humulus japonicus and Erigeron canadensis communities, which were classified into the first grade according to the vegetation conservation classification, were found to be still prevailing though they were dominant community before the restoration, meaning that the ecological condition of plants had not changed very significantly. An the other hand the water quality of the reference reach was classified into the first grade based on $BOD_5$, which implies the water quality of the section was better than the project reaches. Besides the section had more diverse plant species which numbered 154, and furthermore, the rate of immigrated plants comprised 13% which was lower than 28.8% recorded by the project sections. The project reaches are considered to be inferior to the reference section in terms of ecological condition. The effectiveness of the stream restoration cannot be determined only by such short-term investigation as was conducted in this study, and it is considered that the effectiveness of the restoration of Cheonggye Stream can be determined only if investigations in other major factors are conducted over the long-term period.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

The weed flora in the mulberry fields were investigated in Suwon, Jeonju, and Buan in May, July, and September of 2014. The objectives of this study were to use the survey data for establishing weed control methods and to bring awareness of possible problematic weeds in the Korean mulberry fields. The survey was conducted in 53 regions, covering approximately $145,925m^2$. Altogether 153 weed species of 37 families were identified, of which 68 were annual, 39 species were biennial and 46 were perennial. The dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Erigeron annuus, Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli var.crus-galli, Acalypha australis, Commelina communis etc. Exotic weeds presented 44 species with 28.8% of a total presence, of which Erigeron annuus was the highest, followed by Chenopodium album, Phytolacca americana, Conyza canadensis, Oxalis corymbosa etc. Especially, we should aware Senecio vulgaris, not controlled with glufosinate ammonium SL in the Korean mulberry fields because it was known as atrazine resistance in US, Canada, Germany etc. In the PCA plot, weeds presented in the mulberry fields were divided into two groups, Eclipta prostrata community and Stellaria aquatic community and weed flora of Suwon and Buan were different due to those only presented in Suwon.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.489-494
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• 2006

For the ecosystem conservation and the effective management of naturalized plant species on 261 uninhabited islands distributed in southern and western sea in Korea, we tested the interrelationship between the pattern of distribution and dispersal of the naturalized plant species and the factors of geographical environment of uninhabited islands such as island area, distance from mainland, latitude, longitude, human impacts and habitat diversity. Out of 261 uninhabited islands surveyed, 106 species of the naturalized plants occurred on 229 (87.7%) islands. The naturalized plant species per island averaged 4.6 (SD=4.07) species, and plant species number were higher in southern group (87 species) than in western group (64 species) of islands. Plant species occurred on more than 100 islands were three species : Rumex crispus L. (153 islands), Erigeron annuus Pers. (130 islands), and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (121 islands), the highest grade '5' of 'degree of naturalization'. The occurrence frequency of 106 naturalized plant species was significantly correlated with island area, distance to mainland, strength of human impacts, and latitude and longitude. Correlation coefficient (r=-0.330) between occurrence frequency and distance from mainland was higher than between occurrence frequency and island area (r=-0.182). The result of path analysis confirmed that plant species number was significantly affected by island area p=0.336) and distance from mainland (p=-0.490), but in this analysis the effect of human impacts on plant species number was very weak (p=0.003). On the basis of these results, strategies on the conservation of ecosystem and the management of naturalized plant species in the uninhabited islands of Korea were discussed.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.126-135
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• 2016

The surveys of weed species in pastures were conducted in Jeju Island, Pyeongchang Gangwon, and Seosan Chungnam throughout 2013, 2014, and 2015 in order to understand the current status of the weed flora in Korean pastures and to utilize the survey data for basic measure of them. From the surveys, 275 species of 52 families including 83 exotic species were identified and classified into 77 species of annuals, 55 species of biennials and 143 species of perennials. Looking regionally, 207 species of 49 families, 62 species of 14 families, and 136 species of 36 families were occurred in Jeju, Pyeongchang and Seosan, respectively. Based on the importance values, the most dominant species was Rumex obtusifolius followed by Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens, Digitaria ciliaris, Rumex acetosella etc. in order. The dominance of exotic species was the highest in Rumex obtusifolius followed by Trifolium repens, Rumex acetosella, Erigeron annuus etc. According to the surveys of past and present a pasture weed community has been changed, i.e., Erigeron annuus, Artemisia princeps, and Potentilla fragarioides var. major were dominant in 1990 and Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens and Rumex acetosella were dominant in 2004. On the other hand, the dominant species at the pastures were changed into Rumex obtusifolius, Artemisia princeps, and Trifolium repens in 2015.