• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-197
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• 2010

A 14-year-old gelded dressage horse weighing 500 kg was presented to the Equine Medical Center of the Seoul Racecourse of Korea Racing Authority (KRA) due to coughing and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The horse was initiated with empirical antibiotic in the first place. However, the clinical signs did not improve but were rather exacerbated even after 3 weeks of therapy. Extensive diagnostic procedures including transtracheal wash (TTW) fluid cytology were undertaken. The localized wheezes and crackles were auscultated and an increase in the amount of mucopurulent exudate in trachea was observed at endoscopy. Infiltration of neutrophils was observed in the TTW fluid cytology implying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, the systemic glucocorticoid therapy was to be given for 3 weeks with improved ventilation provided at the same time. The respiratory symptoms started to improve in 7 days of therapy and were fully resolved by when the therapy was terminated. The horse is clinically normal now and being monitored for development of any signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.385-389
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• 2008

Background: There are reports that food deprivation causes emphysematous changes in the lungs of rats and humans. However, the meaning of this phenomenon in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the caloric intake and parameters of the lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had visited the respiratory clinic from March, 2006 for one year were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent pulmonary function tests, and a dietitian evaluated their nutritional intake using a food record method. Results: There was no correlation between the total caloric intake and forced vital capacity (FVC, %predicted) or forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$, %predicted). The total caloric intake showed a positive correlation with the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO %predicted, DLCO/VA %predicted), and a negative correlation with the total lung capacity (TLC, %predicted). Of the calories taken, only calories from protein intake correlated with the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO %predicted, DLCO/VA %predicted). Conclusion: The total caloric intake of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a positive correlation with the diffusing capacity of the lung, and a negative correlation with the total lung capacity. Further study on the linkage between the caloric intake and severity of emphysema is needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.320-328
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• 2004

Background : Pulmonary vascular changes which occur early in the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prevalent manifestation and later cause pulmonary hypertension, which is a bad prognostic factor in COPD. Beraprost sodium (BPS), an orally active prostacyclin analogue, has been shown to improve survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. This study investigated the effect of BPS in the patients with COPD. Methods : This is a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled, two center clinical trial. Twenty one consecutive patients with COPD were enrolled from June 2003 to June 2004 (patients treated with BPS for 3 months, BPS group, n=11; those with placebo, placebo group, n=10). The baseline demographic, pulmonary function and hemodynamic data were not significantly different between two groups. Results : On echocardiographic examination, trans tricuspid valve pressure gradient has decreased significantly after 3 months with beraprost in the BPS group [17.7(${\pm}11.4$) to 8.2(${\pm}8.9$) mm Hg, p-value<0.05], while there was no significant change in the control group. Six-minute walking distance has decreased in the control group and increased in the BPS group, but there was no statistical significance. Conclusion : In patients with COPD oral administration of BPS reduced the pulmonary arterial pressure. The clinical significance of this finding, that is improving symptoms and natural course of the disease, needs further study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.347-357
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• 2022

This study was attempted to identify the health-related quality of life of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients and factors influencing the quality of life, focusing on Health-related quality of life with 8 items (HINT-8). The subjects of this study were 451 adults aged 40 years or older who performed lung function tests and whose ratio is less than 0.7 by measuring forced respiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁] to forced vital capacity in the 2019 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, It was analyzed using SAS program. As a result, both the HINT-8 index and EuroQol five-dimensions 3-level version (EQ-5D-3L) index were appropriate as tools to measure the health-related quality of life in COPD patients, and the factors affecting the health-related quality of life were age, gender, income, and smoking status, comorbidities, stress, and subjective health status. Therefore, in order to improve the health-related quality of life of COPD patients, an individualized management program suitable for the characteristics of subjects such as the low-income class and the elderly, including smoking cessation education and stress management, should be developed and applied.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.462-472
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• 2001

Background : The determinants of intubation and the response to therapy in COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure were retrospectively reviewed. Methods : This study involved a review of 132 episodes of hypercapnic respiratory failure($PaCO_2\;{\geq}\;50\;mmHg$ and $pH\;{\leq}\;7.35$). The time frame for resolution or the time to intubation of patients who were admitted between 1996 and 1999 was analyzed. Results : Out of 132 hypercapnic episodes, 49(37%) required intubation. A comparison was made with the 83 cases that responded to treatment. Patients requiring intubation had a greater severity of illness, which included a higher APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score ($20{\pm}5$ vs $14{\pm}4$ ; p<0.01), a higher WBC, a higher serum BUN, and greater acidosis (pH, $7.23{\pm}0.11$ vs $7.32{\pm}0.04$ ; p<0.01). Those with the most severe acidosis(pH<7.20) had the highest intubation rate(87%) and shortest time to intubation($2{\pm}3\;h$). Conversely, those with an initial pH 7.31 to 7.35 were less likely to be intubated(20%), and had a longer time to intubation($97{\pm}121\;h$). The patients with a pH 7.21 to 7.25($4.1{\pm}2.9$ day) required longer period of time to respond to medical treatment than patients with a pH of 7.31 to 7.35($2.2{\pm}3.1$ day). Of those patients requiring intubation, half(55%) were intubated within 8 h of admission, and most (75%) within 24 h. Of those patients responding to treatment medical therapy, half(52%) recovered within 24 h and most (78%) recovered within 48 h. Conclusion: Respiratory acidosis at the initial presentation is associated with an increased likelihood of intubation. This should assist in deciding help with the decision whether to treat patients medically, institute noninvasive ventilation, or proceed to intubation.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1349-1360
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of quality of life (QoL) and its related factors in patients with Korean Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). With data collected by Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2013, general and disease-related variables, pulmonary function test, and EuroQol-5Dimension (EQ-5D) were analyzed. The mean of EQ-5D index was 0.916 in patients with COPD and 0.941 in non-COPD. The EQ-5D index and its sub dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) of COPD patients were significantly lower than that of non-COPD. However, difference in COPD patients' airway limitation was significant only for self-care of EQ-5D (${\chi}^2=9.50$, p=.013). The related factors of QoL in COPD patients were age, gender, level of education, quartile of household income, smoking status, and number of comorbid diseases. Based on the results, it is important to pay close attention to COPD patients' QoL as well as comprehensive interventions which possibly improve their QoL.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.214-219
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• 2017

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized as chronic inflammation of the lung in miners exposed to coal mine dust. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as the inflammatory indices between subjects with CWP and those with CWP and COPD (CWP+COPD), among a total of 97 subjects (27 control, 40 CWP, and 30 CWP+COPD patients). The mean levels of serum LD (165.7 vs 184.6 U/L, p=0.016) and CRP (0.08 vs 0.15 mg/dL, p=0.002) in subjects with CWP were higher than those of in subjects without CWP. The mean level of serum CRP (0.10 vs 0.19 mg/dL, p=0.008) in subjects with COPD was higher than that in subjects without COPD. In an analysis of covariance adjusted by age, the mean level of serum CRP showed statistical significance among the study groups, control, CWP, and CWP+COPD (0.07 vs 0.13 vs 0.19 mg/dL, p=0.005); the mean level of serum CRP in the CWP+COPD group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p=0.001). The results suggest that a high level of CRP in the serum may be associated with CWP and COPD in retired coal miners.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2019

Purpose Lung Ventilation Scan(LVS) images directly inhaled radiation gas to evaluate lung ventilation ability. Therefore, it is influenced by various factors related to inhalation, including number of breaths, respiratory duration, respiration rate, and breathing method. In actual LVS examinations, it is difficult for objectify the patient's ability to inhale, and there is currently no known index related to inhalation. Therefore, this study confirms the correlation between counts per second(cps) in LVS and the results of pulmonary function test(PFT) and evaluate its usefulness as an objective indicator of inhalation. Materials and Methods From October 2010 to September 2018, 36 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) patients who had both LVS and PFT were classified by severity(Mild, Moderate, Severe). LVS was performed by creating Technegas with Vita Medical's Technegas Generator and inhaling it to the patient. LVS images were acquired with Philips's Forte equipment., and PFT used Carefusion's Vmax Encore 22. The correlation between the cps measured by setting the region of interest(ROI) of both lungs on the LVS and the forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second($FEV_1$), $FEV_1/FVC$ of the results of PFT was compared and analyzed. Results We analyzed the correlation between cps of LVS using Technegas and the results of PFT by classifying COPD patients according to severity. Correlation coefficient between $FEV_1/FVC$ and cps was Severe -0.773, Moderate -0.750, and Mild -0.437. The Severe and Modulate result values were statistically significant(P<0.05) and Mild was not significant(P=0.155). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient between FVC and cps was statistically significant only in Mild and it was 0.882(P<0.05). Conclusion According to the study, we were able to analyze correlation between cps of LVS using Technegas and the results of PFT in COPD Patients. Using this result, when performing a LVS, the results of PFT can be used as an index of inhaling capacity. In addition, it is thought that it will be more effective for the operation of the exam rooms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2009

Background: Osteoporosis is a significant comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated with osteoporosis in patients with COPD. Methods: The bone mineral densities (BMDs) of the lumbar spine and femoral bone were measured in 53 patients with clinically stable COPD and 41 age- and gender-matched control subjects showing a normal lung function. Osteoporosis was defined as a T-score $\leq$-2.5. The subjects' clinical characteristics and laboratory data were reviewed, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with osteoporosis in COPD patients. Results: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 47% and 32% in the COPD patients and controls, respectively. In particular, using the femoral neck T-score, the prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients was higher than that in the controls (26% vs. 5%; p=0.006). The average T-score of the lumbar spine (p=0.025) and femoral neck of COPD patients were significantly lower than those of the controls (p=0.001). The forced expiratory volume in the 1 second ($FEV_1$) % predicted (p=0.019; odds ratio [OR], 0.955; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.919-0.993) and age (p=0.024; OR, 1.144; 95% CI, 1.018-1.287) were independently associated with osteoporosis in patients with COPD. Conclusion: Using the femoral neck T-score, the prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with COPD was higher than the age-and gender-matched controls. A lower $FEV_1$ and older age further increase the risk of osteoporosis in patients with COPD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1040-1050
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• 1997

Pulmonary rehabilitation has been known to improve dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic lung disease, although it does not improve pulmonary function. The mechanism of this improvement is not clearly explained till now; however some authors suggested that the improvement in the skeletal muscle metabolism after the rehabilitation could be a possible mechanism. The metabolc changes in skeletal muscle in patients with COPD are characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation which causes early activation of anaerobic glycolysis and excess lactate production with exercise. In order to evaluate the change in the skeletal muscle metabolism as a possible cause of the improvement in the exercise tolerance after the rehabilitation, noninvasive $^{31}P$ magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) of the forearm flexor muscle was performed before and after the exercise training in nine patients with chronic lung disease who have undertaken intensive pulmonary rehabilitation for 6 weeks. 31p MRS was studied during the sustained isometric contraction of the dominant forearm flexor muscles up to the exhaustion state and the recovery period. Maximal voluntary contraction(MVC) force of the muscle was measured before the isometric exercise, and then 30% of MVC force was constantly loaded to each patient during the isometric exercise. After the exercise training, exercise endurance of upper and lower extremities and 6 minute walking distance were significantly increased(p<0.05). There were no differences of baseline intracellular pH (pHi) and inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine(Pi/PCr). After rehabilitation pHi at the exercise and the exhaustion state showed a significant increase($6.91{\pm}0.1$ to $6.99{\pm}0.1$ and $6.76{\pm}0.2$ to $6.84{\pm}0.2$ respectively, p<0.05). Pi/PCr at the exercise and the recovery rate of pHi and Pi/PCr did not show significant differences. These results suggest that the delayed intracellular acidosis of skeletal muscle may contribute to the improvement of exercise endurance after pulmonary rehabilitation.