• Membrane Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

fouling phenomena of ion exchange membranes were reviewed for improved design and operation of electodialysis. The membrane fouling index for electrodialysis (EDMFI) was defined for the quantitative analysis of fouling potential as an analogy to the pressure-driven membrane process. fouling phenomena were compared in the electrodialysis experiments with inorganic foulant (silica sol) and organic foulants (humate and bovine serum albumin (BSA)), and their fouling potentials were analyzed using the fouling index. The comparison showed that the EDMFI could be used as a quantitative measure of the fouling tendency in electrodialysis processes. As a novel fouling mitigation method, square wave power was reported to be effective in electrodialysis with organic foulants. The square wave powers having the pulsed electric field enabled to reduce the membrane fouling significantly at an optimal frequency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.775-780
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of foulant characteristics on Membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI). A linear relationship was found relating the fouling index (both SDI and MFI) on particle concentration, but fouling index values were nonlinearly (exponentially) with increasing organic concentration. When organic matter was the primary cause of fouling, the MFI was not accurately predicted due to internal fouling such as pore adsorption. The fouling index was determined mainly by particle characteristics when both particle and organic coexisted in the feed water. This observation was attributed to lessening of organic pore adsorption by particle cake layer formed on the membrane surface. Bench-scale actual fouling experiments demonstrated that permeate flux declines much faster with feed water containing particles than organic matters although fouling potential predicted by SDI values were identical, indicating that the accurate prediction of fouling potential requires the development of fouling index reflecting different foulant characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.114-118
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• 2005

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.632-638
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• 2005

Membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI) is an important parameter in design of the integrated RO/NF membrane processes for drinking water treatment. In this study, the effect of particle, membrane and feed water characteristics on membrane fouling index were investigated systematically. Higher fouling index values were observed when filtering suspensions with smaller particle size and higher feed particle concentration. Larger membrane resistance due to smaller pore size resulted in an increased membrane fouling index. The variations of feed water hardness and TDS concentrations did not show any impact on fouling index, suggesting that there were no significant colloidal interactions among particles and thus the porosity of particle cake layer accumulated on the membrane surface could be assumed to be 0.36 according to random packing density. Based on the experimental observations, fundamental membrane fouling index model was developed using Happel Cell. The effect of primary model parameters including particle size ($a_p$), particle concentration ($C_o$), membrane resistance ($R_m$), were accurately assessed without any fitting parameters, and the prediction of membrane fouling index such as MFI exhibited very good agreement with the experimental results.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2007

The primary objective of this study is to increase the extent of water flux and fouling resistance of nano-filtration or reverse osmosis membranes. This study was performed to investigate the effect of surface characteristics of silane coated membranes on modified fouling index. Commercial polyamide composite RO membrane (RE1812-LP) and NF membrane (ESNA4040-LF) were treated with silane coupling agents in ethanol at five different concentrations. The silane coupling reagent, aminopropylmethoxydiethoxysilane, contains one aminoalkyl and three alkoxy groups. The hydrophilic effect of aminoalkyl group of APMDES on the permeability and fouling resistance of the modified membrane was examined. The surfaces of the modified membranes were characterized by FE-SEM, contact angle analyzer, and zeta potentiometer in order to confirm successful sol-gel methods. The modified NF membranes showed significantly enhanced water flux and fouling resistance without a decrease in salt rejection in divalent ionic feed solution.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.332-342
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• 2015

In this study, to solve the major problem of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, surface of reverse osmosis membrane was modified by silane-epoxy multi layer. Octyltrimethoxysilane (OcTES) was polymerized to membrane surface via cross-linking by Sol-gel method. n = 8 alkylgroup of OcTES formed the branch structure by self assembly. And for improve fouling resistance of RO membrane, Ether group of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was given to improve hydrophilicity of RO membrane surface by ring-opening. To analyze structure of RO membrane surface with FE-TEM and AFM. Membrane surface of the ridge and valley structure and the bridge structure was confirmed due to the multi-layer surface modification of OcTES and EGDE. And through the increase of the roughness, the branch structure was formed well on membrane surface. Through the XPS analysis was identified chemical structure of membrane surface. And confirmed that the hydrophilic surface modification is given to the surface of the film through a Contact angle analysis. In optimization of EGDE surface modification condition, was suitable 0.5 wt% EGDE concentraion and $70^{\circ}C$ ring-opening temperature. In result of fouling resistance test and MFI is SUL-H10, $PA-OcTES_{1.0}$, $PA-OcTES_{1.0}-EGDE_{0.5}$ 68.7, 60.4, 5.4 ($10E-8hr/mL^2$), multi-layer surface modified membrane improved fouling resistance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.583-599
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• 2000

조직유도재생술 과정에 사용된 차폐막의 술 후 오염 혹은 시술부위의 감염으로 조직재생유도가 제대로 이루어지지 않는 경우가 많이 있다. 테트라싸이클린은 넓은 범위의 치주 원인균에 효과적이고, 중성구 교원분해효소를 억제 함으로써 결합조직파괴를 억제하기 때문에 전신적 혹은 국소적으로 치주질환 치료에 널리 이용되어져왔다. 이번 연구의 목적은 비글견에 실험적으로 치주염을 유발시킨 후 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막을 이용하여 조직유도재생술을 하고서 테트라싸이클린의 유리반응을 관찰하는 것과 테트라싸이클린에 의한 항염, 항균효과를 알아보는 것이다. 실험 2-3개월 전에 비글견의 구강에서 치조골 결손부를 형성하여 치주염을 유발시켰다. 결손부 형성 2-3개월 후 실험군으로 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막으로 조직유도재생술을 하였고, 대조군으로 테트라 싸이클린이 함유되지 않은 차폐막으로 조직유도재생술을 하였고, 음성대조군으로 치은판막술만을 하였다. 시술 전과 시술 후 1, 2, 4주 간격으로 치은지수, 치태지수, 치은열구액의 양 및 혐기성 세균과 호기성 세균의 군락수를 측정하였다. 술 후, 1, 3, 5, 7, 및 14일 간격으로 유리된 테트라싸이클린의 농도를 측정하였다. 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막은 임상적 치은지수는 술 후 2, 4주째, 치태지수는 1, 2, 4주째 유의하게 감소하였다.(p<0.05) 1주에서 혐기성 및 호기성 세균집락수는 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막을 사용한 군이 약물이 함유되지 않은 차폐막보다 유의성있게 적었다.(p<0.001) 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막은 처음 1일은 높은 농도로 유리되었고 그 후 1주일 동안 일정하게 MIC 이상으로 유리되었다. 하지만 14일째는 유리가 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 테트라싸이클린 함유 생분해성 차폐막은 1주이상 약제가 MIC 이상 유리되었고, 유리된 테트라싸이클린에 의한 항염, 항균작용이 있어 치주조직 재생유도술시에 초기 치유가 잘 진행되도록 하는 효과가 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.492-497
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• 2014

This study investigated removal characteristics of organic matters in pretreatment and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes for seawater desalination. Also, the influence of the changes in characteristics of organic matters on the membrane fouling was assessed. The pretreatment processes included dual media filtration (DMF), pressurized membrane filtration (MF), and submerged membrane filtration (SMF). Turbidity, UV absorption at 254 nm, dissolved organic carbon, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM), and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in raw and processed waters were analyzed. Ions and minerals were not removed by any pretreatment process tested, but were removed over 99% through the RO membrane process. Hydrophobic organics, which can play major role in organic membrane fouling, were relatively readily removed compared with hydrophilic ones. Membrane based pretreatment such as MF and SMF exhibited better removals of organics than conventional DMF. As the levels of organics in pretreated water decreased, the silt density index (SDI) decreased. MF treated water exhibited the lowest SDI value; this is possibly due to the lowest TEP ($0.1-0.4{\mu}m$) concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.140-144
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of organic characteristics and feed water solution chemistry on membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI). Specifically, Aldrich humic acids (AHA) and Suwannee river humic acids (SHA) were used in SDI/MFI experiments. Higher SDI values were observed with increasing organic concentration. AHA with larger molecular weight (MW) and SUVA (${\approx}UV_{254}/TOC$) resulted in higher SDI values, compared to SHA. The feed solution chemistry (i.e, pH, ionic strength, and hardness) also affects SDI values to some degree. In particular, SDI increased with increasing hardness ($Ca^{2+}$) concentration for AHA. Unlike SDI, the MFI developed on the basis of particle cake filtration theory, was not accurately assessed due to internal fouling by organics such as pore adsorption and subsequent pore blocking.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.60-61
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• 1996

염색폐수를 처리하기 위하여, 일반적으로 물리.화학적 공정과 호기성 생물학적 공정을 조합한 방법들을 사용하고 있다. 하지만 호기성 생물학적 공정은 난분해성 물질의 제거능력이 낮고, 염색폐수의 주된 오염원인 염료분자가 호기성 미생물에 대한 에너지원으로 적합하지 않아 분해되기 어려우며, 물리.화학적 공정을 이용한 처리방법으로도 높은 처리효율을 얻을 수가 없다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 염색폐수 처리에 혐기-호기공정을 이용하며, 혐기성 공정에서 생물학적으로 분해되기 어려운 고분자 물질들을 가수분해하여 생물학적으로 분해가능한 저분자물질로 전환시키고, 호기성 공정에서 저분자 물질을 효과적으로 처라할 수 있기때문에 기존의 염색폐수 처리공정에 비하여 훨씬 높은 처리효율을 얻을 수 있다. 특히, 혐기성 미생물은 호기성 미생물에 비하여 난분해성 물질에 대한 분해력이 높고, 생물독성 물질에 대한 내성이 강하기 때문에 수중생물에 유해한 염료를 함유한 염색폐수의 색도제거에 효과적인 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 막분리 공정은 유기물 및 미생물이 막표면에 축적, 증식함으로써 막세공에 막힘현상을 초래하여 역세척 등의 물리적인 방법이나 화학약품을 이용한 화학적 세척 방법으로도 투과플럭스의 회복이 불가능한 상태를 유발함으로 막의 수명을 단축시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서, 혐기-호기공정과 조합하면 색도성분 제거 및 막 오염의 원인이 되는 유기물 및 용존성 고형물을 제거하고, 막 오염의 억제를 통한 후 수염의 연장은 물론, 처리수의 수질향상에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.1로 강구와 함께 공구강 vial에 장입 후, Spex mixer/mill을 이용하여 기계적 합금화 하였다. 기계적 합금화 공정으로 제조한 분말에 대한 X-선 회절분석과 시차 열분석으로 합금화 정도를 분석하였다. (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 및 Bi2(Te1-ySey)3 합금분말을 10-5 torr의 진공중에서 300℃∼550℃의 온도로 30분간 가압소결하였다. 가압소결체의 파단면에서의 미세구조를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였으며, 상온에서 가압소결체의 열전특성을 측정하였다. (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3의 기계적 합금화에 요구되는 공정시간은 Sb2Te3 함량에 따라 증가하여 x=0.5 조성에서는 4 시간 45분, x=0.75 조성에서는 5 시간, x=1 조성에서는 6 시간 45분의 vibro 밀링이 요구되었다. n형 Bi2(Te1-ySey)3 합금분말의 제조에 요구되는 밀링시간 역시 Bi2Se3 함량 증가에 따라 증가하였으며 Bi2(Te0.95Se0.05)3 합금분말의 제조에는 2시간, Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 및 Bi2(Te0.85Se0.15)3 합금분말의 형성에는 3시간의 bivro 밀링이 요구되었다. 기계적 합금화로 제조한 p형 (Bi0.2Sb0.8)2Te3 및 n형 Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 가압 소결체는 각기 2.9x10-3/K 및 2.1x10-3/K 의 우수한 성능지수를 나타내었다.ering)가 필수적이다. 그러나 침전법에서 얻게 되는 분말은 매우 미세하여 colloid를 형성하게 되며, 이러한 colloid 상태의 미세한 침전입자가 filte