• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

In this paper, we carried out separation of membrane and leaching of Pt and Ru using hydrochloric acid from MEA(membrane-electrode assembly) of fuel cell. In this method, these were separated from MEA of fuel cell using the distilled water, 10 vol.% butanol solution and 15 vol.% cationic surfactant(Koremul-LN-7) by dipping method without the dispersion of catalyst particles. And the leaching of Pt and Ru containing in the separated carbon paper catalysts has been studied by hydrochloric acid using $HNO_3$ or $H_2O_2$ as a oxidant. The leaching ratio of Pt and Ru were higher when $H_2O_2$ was used as a oxidant and the optimum conditions were obtained in 8M HCl, the amount of $H_2O_2$ 5M and 6 hours of leaching time at $90^{\circ}C$. In this condition, extraction of Pt and Ru were 98% and 71.5%, respectively.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.53-56
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• 2007

미량의 Ru을 증진제로 첨가하여 니켈 촉매의 반응 활성을 증진시킴으로써, 저온 환원성과 장시간 반응에 대한 안정성을 확보하고자 하였다. Ni의 담지량은 12 wt%로 고정하였으며 이에 Ru을 각각 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 wt%로 변화시켜 2차 담지하였다. 메탄의 수증기/이산화탄소 복합 개질 반응에 있어 니켈 촉매에 Ru을 2차 담지 한 촉매는 800 $^{\circ}C$, GHSV(gas hourly space velocity) 265,000 $h^{-1}$ 하에서 100 %에 가까운 $CH_{4}$ 전환율을 보였으며, GHSV 1,060,000 $h^{-1}$ 일 때에도 10시간 동안 90 %의 $CH_{4}$ 전환율을 기록하였다. 또한 이 중 0.3 wt%의 Ru를 담지한 경우가 1,060,000 $h^{-1}$의 조건하에서도 95 %이상으로 가장 높은 $CH_{4}$ 전환율로 유지되었다. $H_{2}-TPR$ 분석 결과, Ni(12)/$MgAl_{2}O_{4}$ 와 비교해 볼 때 Ru(0.5)/Ni(12)/$MgAl_{2}O_{4}$와 Ru(0.3)/Ni(12)/$MgAl_{2}O_{4}$ 촉매의 경우 150 $^{\circ}C$에서 저온 환원이 가능한 $RuO_{2}$의 존재를 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.432-439
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• 2012

The electrocatalytic oxidation of CO was studied using carbon-supported 20 wt% PtRu (PtRu/C) catalysts, which were prepared with different Pt : Ru atomic ratios from 7 : 3 to 3 : 7 using a colloidal method combined with a freeze-drying procedure. The bimetallic PtRu/C catalysts were characterized by various physicochemical analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CO stripping voltammetry measurements indicated that the addition of Ru with a Pt catalyst significantly improved the electrocatalytic activity for CO electrooxidation. Among the tested catalysts, the $Pt_5Ru_5/C$ catalyst had the lowest onset potential (vs.Ag/AgCl) and the largest CO EAS. Structural modification via lattice parameter change and electronic modification in the unfilled d band states for Pt atoms may facilitate the electrooxidation of CO.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2022

This research work reports the development of a Ruthenium/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)/nitrate catalyst system for the highly selective transformation of isosorbide (1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol) to isosorbide-diketone (2,6-dioxabicyclo (3,3,0)octan-4,8-one). Isosorbide is a critical platform molecule for future manufacturing processes. TEMPO has been utilized to convert alcohols to carbonyl compounds for a long time. The optimal chemical reaction condition was found to be when using isosorbide (0.5 mmol) with supported Ru (10 mol%), TEMPO (5 mol%), and sodium nitrate (0.03 mmol) in the presence of acetic acid (3 ml) as a solvent at 50 ℃ and 1 atm oxygen pressure. This catalyst system demonstrated good selectivity (> 97%) and yield (87%) with respect to the desired product, in addition to a putative catalytic double oxidation mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.190.2-190.2
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• 2016

청정에너지 개발은 화석연료를 대체하기 위하여 꾸준한 관심을 받고 있다. 많은 대체에너지중 수소는 그 반응물이 순수한 물로써 환경오염이 없다. 기존의 수소를 얻어내는 방법은 메탄을 고온 고압에서 수증기와 반응시켜 얻는데 이 때 이산화탄소가 생성이 된다. 전기화학적 물분해 방법은 물을 수소와 산소로 선택적으로 분해시킬 수 있는 방법이다. $TiO_2$는 전기적으로 합성할 때 표면의 구조제어가 쉽고 열역학적, 화학적 안정성이 높아 자체의 높은 밴드갭(3.0~3.2 eV)에도 불구하고 산업적으로 염소분해 전극으로써 사용되고 있으며 최근에는 물분해 전극으로도 적용하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 전기화학적 물분해 반응을 위해서는 높은 과전압이 요구되므로 산업적으로 이용하기 위해 전도성을 향상시키기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 낮은 전압에서도 물을 분해할 수 있는 촉매제의 도핑이 연구되고 있으나 대부분 촉매로 사용되는 금속은 루테늄과 이리듐 등의 귀금속이다. 본 연구에서는 저가촉매로써 몰리브덴을 도핑한 후 농도별 성능을 비교하였다. 전극의 성능비교를 위해 각 촉매의 농도별로 다른 전해질 농도조건에서 성능비교실험을 진행하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.246-250
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• 1997

In the presence of optimum amounts of hydroxylamine, trace ruthenium(III) can be conveniently determined in acidic (boric) media by coupling catalytic hydrogen processes with adsorptive accumulation of the catalyst, using differential pulse voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the redox and interfacial processes. Optimal experimental conditions were found to be a stirred borate (0.015 M, pH 2.5) solution containing 0.55 M hydroxylamine, a preconcentration potential of - 0.70 V, and a scan rate of 5 mV/s. With a 7 min accumulation period the detection limit was 3${\times}$10-10 M. The possible interferences by other platinum group metals are investigated.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2022

As a result of the recent social transformation towards a hydrogen economy and carbon-neutrality, the demands for hydrogen energy have been increasing rapidly worldwide. As such, eco-friendly hydrogen production technologies that do not produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are being focused on. Among them, ammonia (NH₃) is an economical hydrogen carrier that can easily produce hydrogen (H₂). In this study, Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst coated onmetallic monolith for hydrogen production from ammonia was prepared by a dip-coating method using a catalyst slurry mixture composed of Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst, inorganic binder (alumina sol) and organic binder (methyl cellulose). At the optimized 1:1:0.1 weight ratio of catalyst/inorganic binder/organic binder, the amount of catalyst coated on the metallic monolith after one cycle coating was about 61.6 g L^-1. The uniform thickness (about 42 ㎛) and crystal structure of the catalyst coated on the metallic monolith surface were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Also, a numerical optimization regression equation for NH3 conversion according to the independent variables of reaction temperature (400-600 ℃) and gas hourly space velocity (1,000-5,000 h^-1) was calculated by response surface methodology (RSM). This model indicated a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.991 and had statistically significant predictors. This regression model could contribute to the commercial process design of hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2019

$RuO_2$, $PtO_2$, and various $(Ru,Pt)O_2$ colloidal solution were prepared using modified Watanabe method. Electrodes were manufactured by dipping of Ni mesh into the colloidal solution. Manufactured electrodes were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDS. $(Ru,Pt)O_2$ electrodes showed $RuO_2$ crystal structure and high roughness. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities were evaluated by Linear Sweep Voltammetry. 1Ru2Pt electrode showed similar activity with commercial electrode, HER potentials are -0.9 V for both.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

The hydropurification reaction of CTA (crude terephthalic acid) was carried out with hydrogen over PdRu/CCM (carbon-carbonaceous composite material) catalyst in a batch reactor at high temperature. The first order kinetics of hydropurification is confirmed with the linear dependence of ln(4-CBA; 4-carboxybenzaldehyde) with reaction time. The reaction condition studied is thought to represent the hydropurification well because of the linear dependence of catalytic activity on the catalyst weight. The p-toluic acid (p-tol) in solid and liquid increases with the conversion of reaction or the decrease of 4-CBA. However, the benzoic acid (BA) concentration does not depend much on the conversion. The AT (alkali transmittance) does not depend on the 4-CBA when the concentration is higher than about 0.2% which shows the 4-CBA, in itself, does not cause the coloring effect. The AT of PTA depends inversely with the concentration of 4-CBA when the 4-CBA is less than about 0.15%. This may show the coloring materials are removed in parallel with the hydrogenation of 4-CBA. The (0.3%Pd-0.2%Ru)/CCM shows larger residual catalytic activity than a commercial catalyst, 0.5%Pd/C, after using in a commercial reactor even though the former has smaller fresh activity than the latter. The palladium and ruthenium in PdRu/CCM show the synergetic effect in activity when the ruthenium concentration is about $0.2{\sim}0.35$ wt%. It may be supposed that the PdRu/CCM catalyst can be a promising candidate to replace the commercial Pd/C catalyst.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.355-355
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• 2011

이론적으로 단일벽 탄소나노튜브(SWNT)는 무산란 전도가 가능하여 실리콘을 대체할 차세대 나노소자의 기본소재로서 많은 각광을 받아왔다. 이러한 SWNT의 전기전자적 특성을 좌우하는 주요인자로는 직경과 비틀림도(chirality)가 있으며, 이를 제어하기 위한 많은 방법들이 제시되어왔다. 특히, SWNT 합성 시 필요한 촉매 나노입자의 크기와 튜브직경과의 연관성이 제기된 후부터, 합성단계에서 촉매 나노입자의 형태(또는 크기)를 제어함으로써 SWNT의 직경을 제어하고자 하는 직접적인 방법들도 주요방법의 한 축으로 이어지고 있다. 한편, SWNT의 합성촉매로는 철, 코발트, 니켈 등의 전이금속이 주로 사용되어 왔으나, 최근에는 금, 은, 루테늄, 팔라듐, 백금 등의 귀금속에서부터 다양한 금속산화물 나노입자에 이르기까지 그 범위가 확장되었다. 본 연구에서는, 촉매 나노입자의 크기제어를 통하여 SWNT의 직경을 제어할 목적으로, 전이금속에 비해 상대적으로 융점이 낮아 비교적 낮은 온도의 열처리를 통해서도 입자의 크기를 제어할 수 있는 금 나노입자를 선정하여 SWNT의 합성거동을 살펴보았다. 합성은 메탄을 원료가스로 하는 CVD방법을 이용하였고, 합성되는 SWNT의 다발화(bundling) 등을 방지하기 위하여 수평배향 성장을 도모하였으며, 이를 위하여 퀄츠 웨이퍼를 사용하였다. 우선, 콜로이드상인 금 나노입자의 스핀코팅 조건을 최적화하여 퀄츠 위에 단분산(monodispersion) 된 금 나노입자를 얻었으며, 열처리 온도 및 시간의 제어를 통하여, 1~5 nm 범위 내에서 특정 직경을 갖는 금 나노입자를 얻는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 합성 후 금 나노입자의 크기와 합성된 SWNT 직경과의 관계를 면밀히 조사한 결과, 튜브보다 나노입자의 크기가 약간 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 금 나노입자의 크기에 따라 SWNT의 합성효율이 크게 좌우되는 것을 확인하였다.