• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2015

The seaweed, Gracilaria verrucosa, was fermented to produce bioethanol. Optimal pretreatment conditions were determined to be 12% (w/v) seaweed slurry and 270 mM sulfuric acid at 121℃ for 60 min. After thermal acid hydrolysis, enzymatic saccharification was carried out with 16 U/ml of mixed enzymes using Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L to G. verrucosa hydrolysates. A total monosaccharide concentration of 50.4 g/l, representing 84.2% conversion of 60 g/l total carbohydrate from 120 g dw/l G. verrucosa slurry was obtained by thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification. G. verrucosa hydrolysate was used as the substrate for ethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Ethanol production by Candida lusitaniae ATCC 42720 acclimated to high-galactose concentrations was 22.0 g/l with ethanol yield (Y_EtOH) of 0.43. Acclimated yeast to high concentrations of specific sugar could utilize mixed sugars, resulting in higher ethanol yields in the seaweed hydrolysates medium.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 2019

Ergothioneine has been known as an excellent antioxidant and a cellular protector against oxidative damage in vivo. In the present study, ergothioneine was demonstrated to possess antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. The radical scavenging activity of ergothioneine enhanced the viability of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The UVA irradiation increased the proportion of senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) positive cells in comparison with the normal control group. The treatment of UVA-irradiated HDFs with ergothioneine decreased the level of SA-b-gal (by approximately 45% at an ergothioneine concentration of $400{\mu}M$) compared with the UVA-irradiated HDFs. We also found that ergothioneine inhibited production of glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in a concentration-dependent manner. The ergothioneine educed carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) expression in comparison to the glyoxal treatment. In addition, in the Western blot analysis, treatment of glyoxal-stimulated HDFs with ergothioneine resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the expression level of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). These results suggest that ergothioneine may have potent anti-aging effects and could be used as a cosmetic material against cellular accumulation of AGEs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.11
• /
• pp.1414-1418
• /
• 2017

Inhibition of advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation is a valuable therapeutic strategy for the regulation of diabetic complications. This study was conducted to identify potential therapeutic targets of anti-diabetic complications from irradiated mangiferin using AGE formation assay. Radiolytic degradation of the xanthone glucoside mangiferin by gamma-irradiation resulted in three degraded mangiferin analogues: mangiferdiol (1), mangiferinol (2), and isomangiferinol (3). Structures of the three newly generated compounds were characterized by interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$, $^{13}C$ NMR, $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and mass spectroscopic data. The anti-diabetic complication of the generated mangiferin derivatives were tested using in vitro AGE formation method. Among the tested degraded products, mangiferinol (2) and isomangiferinol (3) exhibited significantly improved potency against AGE formation inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ values of $5.6{\pm}0.8$ and $7.6{\pm}0.9{\mu}M$, respectively. This result implies that xanthone derivatives generated from gamma-irradiated mangiferin might be beneficial for prevention of diabetic complication and related diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1024-1030
• /
• 1998

We investigated the effects of vitamin E supplementation on protein glycosylation in early and end stage product, and light microscopic studies were done on the renal glomeruli of KK-mice of various ages and various duration of diabetes. Weaned KK-mice were fed high fat diets containing 20% corn oil(wt/wt), and sacrificed at 4,6, and 9 months of age. The high vitamin E diet was a high fit diet supplemented with an excess amount of d1-$\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate (2080IU/kg diet). We measured Hemoglobin $A_{IC}$ (Hb $A_{IC}$) as a glycosylation early product, and renal collagen-linked fluorescence as a glycosylation end product. In the diabetic group, levels of Hb $A_{IC}$ were increased within 2 months after onset of diabetes and remained at a constant level for the duration of experiment. 5 months after onset of diabetes, renal collagen linked fluorescence(CLF) was markedly increased. A quantative, morphologically demonstratable, progressive thickening of the basement membrane and calcification occured in the diabetic KK-mice. There is a statiscally positive correlation between CLF and histologic grade of diabetic nephropathy. Hepatic vitamin E levels correlated with those of Hb $A_{IC}$, renal CLF, and renal calcification. Treatment with vitamin I did not modify the level of blood glucose. However, we observered a significant lowering of CLF and Hb $A_{IC}$ in diabetic mice. Supplementation of vitamin E was found to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy. (forean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1024-1030, 1998)0, 1998)

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.507-514
• /
• 2013

In this study, oxalic acid pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was performed at different pretreatment temperatures. Also, we evaluated oxalic acid recovery from hydrolysate by electrodialysis. The fermentable sugar concentration in hydrolysate was high at more than $20g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was carried out at $150^{\circ}C$. At the same time, ethanol production was $3.78g/{\ell}$ after 72 h which correspond to the ethanol yield of 0.21 g/g. On the other hydrolysate (160, $170^{\circ}C$), fermentable sugar was not consumed by Pichia stipitis during fermentation. Most of the oxalic acid was recovered and some of the fermentation inhibitors were removed by electrodialysis. For the electrodialysis treated hydrolysate, ethanol production was increased compared to the original hydrolysate. The highest ethanol production was $5.38g/{\ell}$ after 24 h which correspond to the yield of 0.33 g/g. The ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) under all pretreatment conditions was more than $15g/{\ell}$ after 96 h. The highest ethanol production was $20.54g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was performed at $170^{\circ}C$. In particular, ethanol production was increased, when electrodialysis treated hydrolysate was used for SSF.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.397-405
• /
• 2009

In this study, we investigated the potential of producing bioethanol from Liriodendron tulipifera by using oxalic acid pretreatment. Amounts of fermentable sugars, mostly xylose and glucose, in the liquid fraction (hydrolysate) was $40.22g/{\ell}$ after the biomass was pretreated with 0.037 g/g of oxalic acid for 20 minutes at $160^{\circ}C$. Production amounts of ethanol was $8.6g/{\ell}$ from the 72 hours of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) on solid fraction of the pretreated sample. At the same condition, when the reaction time increased to 40 minutes, $32.66g/{\ell}$ of fermentable sugars in the hydrolysate and $9.5g/{\ell}$ of ethanol was produced from the process of pretreatment and SSF. As a result of analyzing the fermentation inhibitors, such as acetic acid, 5-HMF, furfural and total phenolic compounds, as the reaction time increased, the amount of the fermentation inhibitors in the hydrolysate increased. Production of the fermentation inhibitors was more affected by initial concentration of oxalic acid rather than reaction time. $3.39{\sim}5.78g/{\ell}$ of acetic acid was produced by pretreatment with 0.013 g/g of oxalic acid, and the amount of furfural produced by decomposition of xylose was 2~3 times higher than the amount of 5-HMF produced by decomposition of glucose. All the hydrolysates contained more than $5g/{\ell}$ of total phenols considered as the degradation product of lignin. Therefore, by analyzing the amount of fermentable sugars and fermentation inhibitors in the hydrolysate, and producing ethanol from SSF of solid fraction of the pretreated sample, the biomass pretreated with 0.037 g/g of oxalic acid for 20 minutes at $160^{\circ}C$ can be expected to produce the most ethanol.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.316-320
• /
• 2008

Ten compounds, (+)-pinoresinol (1), (-)-balanophonin (2), gallicin (3), vanillin (4), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), coniferaldehyde (6), betulinic acid (7), ursolic acid (8), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (9), and malic acid (10), were isolated from a EtOAc-soluble fraction of the seeds of Cornus officinalis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as well as by comparison with reported values. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 were isolated from this species for the first time. All the isolates (1-10) were subjected to an in vitro bioassay to evaluate their inhibitory activity against advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Among these, compounds 2 and 3 showed the significant inhibitory activity on AGEs formation with $IC_{50}$ values of 27.81 and 18.04${\mu}M$, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.270-277
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Crataegus pinnatifida which was extracted with water and different concentrations of EtOH (0~100%). The extraction yield of 70% EtOH (33.16%) was higher than that of 50% EtOH (27.79%), water (21.71%), 30% EtOH (21.88%) and 100% EtOH (19.03%). Total polyphenol contents of 50% EtOH extract from C. pinnatifida were the highest. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were $80.79{\pm}0.83%$ and $34.92{\pm}0.97%$ in 50% EtOH extract, respectively, which were higher than those of other extracts. The inhibitory activities of 50% ethanol extract from C. pinnatifida against advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase were determined to be $27.09{\pm}2.27%$ and $58.87{\pm}0.70%$, respectively. The inhibitory activity of water extract from C. pinnatifida against aldose reductase was higher ($30.68{\pm}1.41%$) than those of other extracts. Overall, 50% EtOH extract from C. pinnatifida showed the highest antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. These results suggest that 50% ethanol extracts from C. pinnatifida have potential as a useful ingredient with antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.494-500
• /
• 2016

In order to remove acetyl group from yellow poplar, deacetylation was performed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) prior to oxalic acid pretreatment. During the deacetylation ($60^{\circ}C$ for 80 min, 0.8% NaOH), most of the acetyl group were removed from hemicellulose. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and semi-SSF were carried out based on solid loading (10, 12.5, 15%) of deacetylated biomass and pre-hydrolysis with enzymes (0, 6, 12, 24 h). The highest ethanol was obtained as 26.73 g/L after 120 h when 10% of biomass was used for SSF. It is corresponding to 88.41% of theoretical ethanol yield. At the 12.5% and 15% of biomass loading, the highest ethanol was obtained from 6 h pre-hydrolysis. It was 32.34 g/L and 27.15 g/L, respectively, and corresponding to ethanol yield of 85.58 and 59.87%. In order to remove fermentation inhibitors from hydrolysates, overliming was performed using calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$). The highest ethanol was 5.28 g/L after 72 h of fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.44-50
• /
• 2006

To characterize thermo-chemical feature of su gar conversion of woody biomass poplar wood (Populus alba${\times}$glandulosa ) by sub- and supercritical water was treated for 60s under subcritical (23 MPa, 325 and $350^{\circ}C$) and supercritical (23 MPa, 380, 400, and $425^{\circ}C$) conditions, respectively. Among degradation products undegraded poplar wood solids existed in aqueous products. As the treatment temperature increased, the degradation of poplar wood was enhanced and reached up to 83.1% at $425^{\circ}C$. The monomeric sugars derived from fibers of poplar wood by sub- and supercritical treatment were analyzed by high performance anionic exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Under the subcritical temperature ranges, xylan, main hemicellulose component in poplar wood, was preferentially degraded to xylose, while cellulose degradation started at the transition zone between sub and supercritical conditions and was remarkably accelerated at the supercritical condition. The highest yield of monomeric sugars amounts to ca. 7.3% based on air dried wood weight (MC 10%) at $425^{\circ}C$.