• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2012

한국형 달 착륙선의 안전하고 효율적인 달 착륙을 위해 임무 시나리오 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 달 착륙은 보통 두 가지 방법이 사용되는데, 지구에서 출발하여 달에 도착한 후 달착륙지에 직접 착륙하는 방법과 달의 주차궤도를 돌다가 달 착륙지에 착륙하는 방법이 있다. 미국의 Surveyor호는 직접 착륙 방법을 사용하였고 아폴로 시리즈는 달 궤도를 공전하다가 착륙하는 방법을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 방법을 모두 사용하여 착륙 임무 시나리오를 시뮬레이션을 수행한 후 장단점을 비교분석하였다. 달 주차궤도를 이용한 착륙은 달고도 100km에서 공전을 하다가 고도 15km까지 하강한 후 Powered descent 단계를 통해 착륙지에 착륙하는데 Powered descent 단계는 다시 감속단계, 접근 단계, 최종 하강 단계로 나뉘어진다. 달 착륙선은 나로우주센터에서 KSLV-2에 실려 2025년에 발사되며, 달 착륙지는 달의 과학적 임무를 고려하여 달 남극 근처로 가정하였다. 달 착륙 시뮬레이션을 통해 달 착륙선의 비행 궤적과 필요한 연료량 계산 등의 정보를 통해 직접 착륙 방법과 달 주차궤도를 이용하는 방법의 장단점을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 2018

The thermal environment on lunar surface is more severe than that of earth's surface or low earth orbit because of the long daytime and nighttime due to 28 days of rotation cycle of moon. Thus, analyzing heat flux on lunar lander at potential landing sites is important to determine the landing site in its initial design phase. In this study, thermal model of lunar regolith that can simulate lunar surface temperature was constructed for analyzing thermal characteristics according to the potential landing sites of lunar lander. The heat flux analyses were performed various latitudes of equator, mid-latitude, polar regions, lunar mare and highland. In addition, we also investigated the heat flux of lunar lander when it is landed on adjacent area to hill.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.11 s.297
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• pp.32-43
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• 2003

달에 착륙한 지 6시간 20분이 지난 후 암스트롱은 온 인류가 긴장하여 TV로 지켜보는 가운데 착륙선의 문을 열고 아홉 계단의 달착륙선 사다리를 천천히 그리고 조심스럽게 내려오기 시작하였다. 인간이 지구상에 그 모습을 나타낸 이후 40만km의 먼거리에 있는 달은 인간에게는 바라볼 수는 있지만 영원히 닿을 수 없는 것으로만 생각하였는데, 4일간의 비행 끝에 전인미답의 달에 도착하여 역사적인 첫 발을 내딛는 암스트롱에게는 형용할 수 없는 감회와 감격의 순간이었을 것이다. 그는 용솟음치는 흥분을 누를 수 없었는지 착륙 직후 "이것은 한 인간에게는 작은 발걸음이지만 인류에게는 커다람 도약이다"라고 부르짖었다.

• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.121-136
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• 2024

Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), launched in August 2022, is successfully carrying out its mission. Korea's lunar lander and rover programs are expected to proceed in the future. To successfully carry out the mission after the lunar lander has landed on the surface, the performance of the equipment to be mounted should be checked in a laboratory environment similar to the Moon. Scientists and engineers of several countries, including the United States and China, use lunar soil simulant which is developed to resemble lunar soil for simulating the surface of the lunar landing site. Several lunar probe landing sites are being discussed in Korea, and lunar soil simulants such as Korea Hanyang Lunar Simulant-1 (KOHLS-1), Korea Aerospace University Mechanical Lunar Simulants (KAUMLS), and Korea Lunar Simulant-1 (KLS-1), which are similar to the characteristics of lunar mare soil, have been developed. However, those simulants are not useful if the landing site is chosen as a highland area. In this study, we introduce the process of developing KIGAM-L1, a lunar highland soil simulant similar to the chemical composition of the Apollo 16 lunar soil sample and the particle size distribution of lunar soil sample 60500-1, in case the lunar lander lands at highland area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2016

Lidar-based hazard avoidance landing system for lunar lander calculates hazard cost with respect to the desired local landing area in order to identify hazard and designate safe landing point where the cost is minimum basically using slope and roughness of the landing area. In this case, if the parameters are only considered, chosen landing target can be designated near hazard threatening the lander. In order to solve this problem and select optimal safe landing point, hazard cost based on relative distance to hazard should not be considered as well as cost based on terrain parameters. In this paper, the effect of hazard cost based on relative distance to hazard on safe landing performance was analyzed and it was confirmed that landing site designation with two relative distances to hazard results in the best safe landing performance by an experiment using three-dimensional depth camera.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.984-997
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• 2015

Chang'e-3 consisting of a lunar lander and exploration rover was launched on December 1, 2013 aboard a Long March 3B rocket flying from Xichang space launch center. Chang'e-3 was inserted into the lunar orbit after about a 5-day transit to the Moon and landed on the targeted landing site after orbiting around the Moon for 8 days. The successful landing of the Chang'e-3 gives a lot of help to analyze the future needs of the subsystem technologies and to figure out the trajectory from launch to lunar landing as well as operation sequences in the development of Korean lunar exploration is scheduled. Therefore, the configuration and analysis of overall mission of Chang'e-3 is performed based on the public information from the press and website. As a result, overall mission trajectory is reconstructed by solving boundary condition and then estimating control variable. Visibility status and eclipse status also analyzes so communication and power charge condition is as good as to operate lunar lander. Mass budget of the lander is derived using ${\Delta}V$ according to specific impulse.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.471-482
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• 2019

The mission of the high-resolution camera for the lunar exploration is to provide 3D topographic information. It enables us to find the appropriate landing site or to control accurate landing by the short distance stereo image in real-time. In this paper, the ground verification and analysis system using the multi-application stereo camera to develop the high-resolution camera for the lunar exploration are proposed. The mission test items and test plans for the mission requirement are provided and the test results are analyzed by the ground verification and analysis system. For the realistic simulation for the lunar orbiter, the target area that has similar characteristics with the real lunar surface is chosen and the aircraft flight is planned to take image of the area. The DEM is extracted from the stereo image and compose three dimensional results. The high-resolution camera mission requirements for the lunar exploration are verified and the ground data analysis system is developed.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2019

In case of unmanned aerial vehicles used in modern society, there has been a problem where a human operator should be still needed to control the UAV because of a lower level of autonomy. In this paper, genetic algorithm is selected as a methodology for the autonomy accomplishment and then we verify a possibility of UAV autonomy by applying the GA. The landing is one of the important classical tasks on aerial vehicle and the lunar Landing is one of the most historical events. Autonomy possibility of computer-simulated UAV is verified by landing autonomy method of a falling body equipped with a propulsion system similar to the lunar Lander. When applying the GA, the genom is encoded only with 4 actions (left-turn, right-turn, thrust, and free-fall) and applied onto the falling body, Then we applied the major operations of GA and achieved a success experiment. A major contribution is to construct a simulated UAV where an autonomy of UAV can be accomplished while minimizing the sensor dependency. Also we implemented a test-bed where the possibility of autonomy accomplishment by applying the GA can be verified.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 2014

Ground station in lunar mission is responsible to receive telemetry signal including sensor data from lunar orbiter and/or lander. At preliminary stage of developing this ground station, receiving performance such as antenna size and noise temperature should be designed on the basis of link budget analysis. When the antenna of ground station is pointing to the moon to communicate with lunar orbiter and/or lander, noise level is supposed to be increasing due to the lunar flux density. It means that the moon is working as a noise source to degrade receiving performance when antenna is pointing to the moon. Antenna noise temperature contributed by the moon was firstly calculated and secondary validated by using test configuration in this paper. Consequently, it was shown that antenna noise temperature caused by the moon was quietly matched with measured one and G/T degradation of receiving system in lunar mission can be calculated depending on antenna size and frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.741-757
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• 2016

Over 60 years has passed since mankinds started space exploration beyond the Earth with lunar explorer Luna 1 launched by Soviet Union. Unprecedently remarkable outcomes have been obtained by sending unmanned spacecrafts to most planets in the solar system and having the lander landed on the approaching comet toward the Earth even though any evidence of life presence has not been discovered yet. Only moon is an natural object beyond the earth on which human beings landed. Many countries are planning to send humans to the moon or mars to build colonies and to survive with substantiality. Korean lunar exploration program has officially started as of 2016 after its plan including lunar exploration has been specified in the series of National Space Promotion Plan since Korea initiated space development in early 1990s. In this paper, the plan for Korean space exploration is summarized with reviewing overseas space exploration program status and trends.