• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2002

This research was performed to investigate the physical properties and color appearance of Hanji manufactured using bast fibers dyed separately by two reactive dyes with different colors. The breaking length of color Ha was above 7 km. The fastness was five grade; the use of reactive dyes made the color of the Hanji not to be faded away. The Hanji manufactured by mixing uniformly two types of bast fibers separately dyed showed the mixed color of two different colors. However, the shives showed their original colors, resulted in irregular color patterns all over the sheets. The color of color Hanji with different colors in the front and back side of sheets showed color difference between front and back side of the sheets. Accordingly, the color of the sheet has a reflection from the backside, resulted in Pink. The colors of the Hanji appeared in this study could not be found from the Hanji manufactured by traditional methods.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.121-154
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• 2014

This study explores standardization plans concerning industrialization of Hanjii which is traditional culture resources of rural community. Hanji is very useful in many ways, and its usefulness is not confined to only paper. In other words, it comes to have architectural uses, agricultural uses, clothing uses, and medical uses through fusion and convergence. However, the expansion of Hanji market dose not lead to profits for related stake holders because its standardization is not nurtured yet. For standardization, this paper argues, first, a industrial definition of Hanji is needed in which Hanji's own characteristics is involved. Besides maintaining traditional characteristics, the definition and quality standards of Hanji needs to be established by considering a given condition of Hanji industy. Second, a satisfactory method to measure Hanji's own material characteristics(i.g., mulberry paper content and long-term sustainability), which affects Hanji's quality, needs to be developed and standardized. Third, a government standard is urgently needed in order to keep consumers from being confused when they select Hanji products. The standardization of Hanji products and technology needs to be established in both case of current Hanji market and newly developed products and technology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1035-1051
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• 2021

This study compares the strength properties of Jumchi-Hanjis dyed with 70% and 100% persimmon juice concentrations and undyed Jumchi-Hanjis. The Juumchi-Hanjis were made from Dakjis (mulberry papers), which were mixed with different ratios of fibers from paper mulberries originating in Korea and Thailand, including wood pulp from Canada. Research results showed that tensile, wet tensile, and bursting strengths of Jumchi-Hanjis dyed with 70% concentration were higher than those of undyed Jumchi-Hanjis. However, the tearing strengths of the dyed Jumchi-Hanjis were lower than those of undyed Jumchi-Hanjis. The wet tensile strengths of Jumchi-Hanjis dyed with 100% concentration were higher than those of dyed with 70% concentration. The increase and decrease of tensile, tearing, and bursting strengths depending on persimmon juice dyeing differed as per the mixing ratio of the raw materials of Jumchi-Hanjis. Dyeing with 100% persimmon juice concentration tends to be more useful than 70% to increase the tensile (MD) and wet tensile strengths of Jumchi-Hanjis containing only Korean mulberry fibers (90%) and wood pulp (10%) as raw materials. Dyeing with 100% concentration tends to be less useful than 70% to increase the tensile, tearing and bursting strengths of Jumchi-Hanjis with high proportions (90% or 60%) of mulberry fibers from Thailand.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 2014

In this study, to obtain basic data for searching potential resources as new natural fibers, we investigated morphological and classificatory characteristics of 21 weed seed fibers. According to classification keys in this study, the collected weed seed fibers could be classified into total 13 types, showing their diversity. Seven species among them belonged to BOT3 type. Two species belonged to B2N0 and DOS3 type, respectively. Many of weed seed fibers had not branched. However, three species had various branched fibers at one main fibers on the seed. Three species had various branched fibers at several main fibers on the seed. Eight species had a smooth fiber surface but 13 species had a weakly or significantly developed-corniculum on the fiber surface. In the fiber cell shape, fiber cells of eight weed species were composed of one long cell without septum. But others had a fiber cell shape composed of a bunch of several long cells. Based on the easiness of harvesting, productivity of fibers, and morphological characteristics of seed fiber, it seemed that five seed fibers (TYPLA, METJA, HEMLY, IMPCK, and EREHI) should be additionally investigated if they are practically applicable as renewable resources for new natural fibers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.598-607
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• 2008

Bast fibers were applied for various usages from fabrics to household care products long time ago. In this study, we investigated the physical characteristrus of water retted & chemically rotted fibers of Yucca, New Zealand hemp, Corn, Kuzu vine, Indian mallow, and Mulberry paper that have been harvested by domestic cultivation. Water retting is more effective than chemical rotting for six kinds of plant fibers. When all fibers were rotted chemically with 1% sodium hydroxide, only Kuzu vine and Indian mallow were retted. Indian mallow, Yucca, New Zealand hemp, and Com fibers have higher tensile strength than any other fibers. The crystallinity of Kuzu vine, Indian mallow, Yucca, New Zealand hemp, and Corn was as low as 60% but Yucca, New Zealand hemp were flexible. Yucca had fewer lumina whereas New Zealand hemp more lumina in cross sectional shape. Especially com fibers have a structure like sponge, and Indian mallow had a net shape. The longitudinal section of New Zealand hemp showed smooth and long shape. Mulberry paper was proved to be short and thin, which is quite appropriate for making paper. In this study, we found that plant fibers for living material could be used for cloth materials.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2008

In general, the entire of paper mulberry bark, which is not cut into pieces with an appropriate length, have been used in the pulping. This kind of pulping method couldn't accomplish the improvement of beating and sheet forming efficiency. For this reason, we investigated the effects of the cutting length of paper mulberry bast fiber on pulping and Hanji (Korean traditional paper) properties, in order to develop high quality Hanji manufacturing process. The cutting length variation of paper mulberry white bast did not great effects on pulp yields. The pulp yields based on pulping methods were sulfomethylated pulping av. 57.4%, alkali-hydrogen peroxide pulping av. 55.4%, and alkaline pulping av. 53.5% respectively. The optical properties such as brightness, opacity, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were slightly improved by the increase of paper mulberry white bast cutting length. The increase of paper mulberry white bast cutting length resulted in poor sheet formation. Physical properties such as breaking length, TEA, tear index, burst index, and folding endurance were slightly improved by the increase of cutting length. The modified pulping processes, which used sulfomethylated method and alkali-hydrogen peroxide method, showed better pulp and sheet properties than conventional alkaline pulping.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

With environmental pollution becoming a serious problem, recently there has been increased interest in the environment and health. In addition, the development of materials for environmentally friendly and functional clothing has increased. Environmentally friendly products that use bark fibers of the mulberry(dak) tree are expressed in terms of dak fiber and Hanji yarn. This research analyzed consumer's perceived images of Hanji and Hanji yarn infant clothing. The research results are as follows. Based on analyzing images of Hanji and Hanji yarn, Hanji was categorized into four images that can be described as natural, pure, decorative, and functional, and Hanji yarn infant clothing was categorized into three images that can be described as natural, decorative, and functional. Based on the analysis of well-being elements in subjects' lifestyles, the following four inclinations were found: environmental friendliness, pursuit of novelty, life care, and environmental protection. On this basis, the subjects were categorized into three groups: the trend-pursuing group, the life-care group, and the social responsibility group. Subjects' perceived images of Hanji and Hanji yarn infant clothing were investigated, and these products were found to have a strong image of being Korean, traditional, and natural, while being weakly perceived as comfortable, functional, and practical. Analyzing the correlation between images of Hanji and Hanji yarn infant clothing and lifestyle groups revealed that these products were not perceived differently according to group. This study showed that Hanji and Hanji yarn are terms that are commonly associated with positive clothing material. However, both Hanji and Hanji yarn are perceived negatively in terms of functional image, which is an important factor in clothing material. In addition, even among consumers who pursue a lifestyle based on well-being, the functional image of Hanji yarn was not perceived highly. Hence, it is necessary to further examine the effect of terms such as Hanji and Hanji yarn on consumer choices. Therefore, caution is considered needed when using such terms in the marketing of related products.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 1999

The buddhistic painting of Song-Kwang temple in Seungjoo-gun, Chonnam, Korea is not known in chronicle, but it could be estimated to works in the early 19th century through it's remaining records and qualities of materials. And it was analysed the qualities of materials consisting of pigment layer, silken-ground layer and support layer in order to preserve buddhistic painting, made back-adherent paper of the support layer proper to it, tested its compatibility, and then concluded as follows. 1. The section structures of buddhistic painting is consisted of the pigment layer, silken-ground layer of silk and the support layer of Korean hand made paper, it could be recognized that buddhistic painting in 19th century was basically composed of the pigment layer, the silken-ground layer and the support layer. Moreover the pigment layer and the silken-ground layer got adhered with glue, and sheets of support layers got back adhered with paste. 2. The support layer of buddhistic painting consisted of 5 layers and two kinds of paper were used for them. The first and second layers were composed of Korean hand made paper made of pure paper mulberry bast fibers, and the rest of them of paper that paper mulberry bast fibers were mixed into recycled hemp fibers. Though it is difficult to assert without the security of more data, finding out the then situation through the qualities of materials, it was presumed that the society in 19th century was suffered from economical difficulties and the operation of the paper industry of temples was rather difficult and so low-qualitative recycled hemp fibers might used for back-adherent paper. 3. Considering tension between silken-ground layers and support layers of this materials, newly made back-adherent paper was used for repair, and then I could conform that it was proper to back-adherent paper for repair.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.108-119
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• 2018

"The Collection of Yi Chungmugong" manuscript is a hand-written manuscript of the volume 1 consisting of the Collection, published in 1795 and it seems to have completed the contents of the book by correcting the first part of the book before print. The book adopted a form of Seonjangbon(線裝本) of Ochimanjeongbeop(五針眼訂法) and was urgently needed some measures to preserve because it has been much damaged by stains, loss and oxidation due to moisture on the bottom of it. In addition, a scientific investigation was applied to find out the features of the quality of paper and fiber used for the book, which would be reflected in the process of the preservation. The characteristics of paper were measurmented for size(cm), thickness(mm), weight(g), basis weight($g/m^2$), density($g/cm^3$), chain line and laid lines($3{\times}3cm$). The measurement showed that the characteristics of paper used in royal books published in the late Joseon Dynasty. For the paper-fiber of the book, C stain was used and the technique revealed that the book is made of bast fibre of paper mulberry and its binding strings are cotton. SEM-EDS analysis was performed to verify the existence of additives in paper. As a result of the analysis, The crystallized calcium was detected in addition to the main components carbon(C) and oxygen(O). This artifact is the unique final version of "The collection of Yi Chungmugong", which has considerable value in terms of academic research, besides it helps to understand how to print books of Joseon Dynasty. And it also has a very accurate information of when and where the book was made, which primarily could be resources to conserve and restore for other book heritage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.562-577
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• 2020

In this study, to conserve the clay seated Vairocana Buddha triad in Seonunsa temple, Gochang (Treasure 1752), the primary materials employed for creating the clay Buddha statues were scientifically analyzed. By analyzing the soil layer constituting the Buddha statues, it is observed that the said layer comprises sand having particle size greater than that of medium sand and soil having particle size smaller than that of fine sand, which were used in a ratio of 7:3, along with the bast fibers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki). Hence, the aforementioned soil layer is composed of a mixture of sand and weathered soil, along with bast fibers to prevent scattering. By analyzing the tree species, it is found that the wooden materials constituting the bottom board and the interior of Buddha's sleeves of the Amitabha Buddha statue, Vairocana Buddha statue, and Medicine Buddha statue are hard pines (Pinus spp.). Additionally, three layers are found in the cross section of the gold layer. Furthermore, each of the hair sections of the Buddha statues is composed of earthy materials such as quartz, albite, microcline, mica, and magnetite, and the hair surface was painted by incorporating black materials containing magnetite.