DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Study on the Characteristics of Materials and Production Techniques of Clay Seated Vairocana Buddha Triad of Seonunsa Temple, Gochang

보물 제1752호 고창 선운사 소조비로자나삼불좌상 재질특성 및 제작기법 연구(1): 소조불상 주요 구성재료 분석

  • Lee, Hwa Soo (Department of Formative Arts, Konkuk University) ;
  • Lee, Han Hyoung (Traditional Technique and Material Bank, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Han, Gyu-Seong (Department of Wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University)
  • 이화수 (건국대학교 조형예술학과) ;
  • 이한형 (한국전통문화대학교 전통기술소재은행) ;
  • 한규성 (충북대학교 목재.종이과학과)
  • Received : 2020.11.11
  • Accepted : 2020.12.18
  • Published : 2020.12.29

Abstract

In this study, to conserve the clay seated Vairocana Buddha triad in Seonunsa temple, Gochang (Treasure 1752), the primary materials employed for creating the clay Buddha statues were scientifically analyzed. By analyzing the soil layer constituting the Buddha statues, it is observed that the said layer comprises sand having particle size greater than that of medium sand and soil having particle size smaller than that of fine sand, which were used in a ratio of 7:3, along with the bast fibers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki). Hence, the aforementioned soil layer is composed of a mixture of sand and weathered soil, along with bast fibers to prevent scattering. By analyzing the tree species, it is found that the wooden materials constituting the bottom board and the interior of Buddha's sleeves of the Amitabha Buddha statue, Vairocana Buddha statue, and Medicine Buddha statue are hard pines (Pinus spp.). Additionally, three layers are found in the cross section of the gold layer. Furthermore, each of the hair sections of the Buddha statues is composed of earthy materials such as quartz, albite, microcline, mica, and magnetite, and the hair surface was painted by incorporating black materials containing magnetite.

보물 제1752호 고창 선운사 소조비로자나삼불좌상 보존을 위해 불상을 구성하는 주요 재질에 대한 과학적 분석을 실시하였다. 소조불상을 구성하는 토양층 분석결과 중립사 이상의 모래와 세립사 이하의 토양이 3:7의 비율로 쓰인 것으로 나타났으며, 닥나무의 인피섬유도 함께 확인되었다. 따라서 소조토는 모래와 풍화토를 혼합하고 분산방지를 위해 닥지를 섬유질로 첨가한 것을 알 수 있다. 수종분석 결과, 아미타여래, 비로자나불, 약사여래의 좌대 및 팔 부위를 구성하는 목재는 모두 경송류(Hard pines)로 식별되었으며, 개금층 분석 결과, 시료 단면에서 3개의 층위가 확인되었다. 불상의 나발은 석영, 조장석, 미사장석, 운모, 자철석 등 토양성 물질로 구성되었으며, 나발의 표면은 자철석이 함유된 흑색물질을 이용하여 표면을 채색한 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구에서 목재 수종분석은 충북대학교 나이테연구센터에 의뢰하여 수행되었음.

References

  1. Chong, S.H. and Park, B.S., 2008, Wood properties of the useful tree species grown in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute. (in Korean)
  2. Georim Culture Heritage, Gochang-gun, 2018, Records and investigation of conservation status reports on clay seated Vairocana Buddha triad of Seonunsa temple, Gochang. (in Korea)
  3. Han, D.R., Lee, C.H. and Jo, Y.H., 2012, Interpretation of making techniques and material characteristics for molding clay of four guardian statues in Wanju Songkwangsa temple, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science, 28(4), 353-366. (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2012.28.4.353
  4. Jeon, K.M., 2009, On the production and the preservation of Clay-Statues from the Northern Ho-Nam region during the Latter-Chosun era. The Art History Journal, 32, 179-209. (in Korean with English abstract)
  5. Jeong, S.H., 2015, A study on manufacturing technologies and excellence of Korean traditional paper. Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 48(1), 96-131. (in Korean with English abstract)
  6. Lee, C.H., Lee, J.E. and Han, N.R., 2012, Characterization and analysis of painted pigments for the clay statues in Donggwanwangmyo Shrine. Seoul, Journal of Conservation Science, 28(2), 101-112. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2012.28.2.101
  7. Lee, H.S., 2016, Study on material characterization of Earthen Wall of Buddhist Mural Paintings in Joseon Dynasty. Journal of Conservation Science, 32(1), 75-88. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2016.32.1.08
  8. Lee, H.S., Han, K.S, and Chung, Y.J., 2015, Understanding of mural painting conservation. Jeongin Publishing House, Seoul. (in Korean)
  9. Lee, H.S., Kim, S.H., and Han, K.S., 2018, Scientific investigation for conservation methodology of bracket mural paintings of Daeungjeon Hall in Jikjisa Temple. Journal of Conservation Science, 34(2), 107-118. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2018.34.2.05
  10. Lee, J.E., Han, N.R. and Lee, C.H., 2013, Interpretation of making techniques and Nondestructive Diagnosis for the clay statues in Donggwanwangmyo Shrine. Seoul, Journal of Conservation Science, 29(1), 35-45. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2013.29.1.04
  11. Lee, P.W., 1997, Properties and uses of Korean wood 1. Seoul National University Press. (in Korean)
  12. Lee, S.H., 1996, Identification of plant fibers designated on archives as the materials of Korean Traditional Paper (Hanji). Master's Thesis, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Marja, S., Ilvessalo, P., 1995, Fiber Atlas - Identification of Papermaking Fibers, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
  14. Moon, M.D., 2008, A study of the Vairocana Trikaya worked by Muyeom at the Main Buddha Hall of Seonunsa Temple. The Art History Journal, 30, 353-378. (in Korean with English abstract)
  15. Park, S.J., 2006, Timber organization and identification, Hyangmunsa, Seoul. (in Korean)
  16. Research Institute of Buddhist Cultural Heritage, ChilcokGun, 2017, Records and investigation reports on wooden seated Sakyamuni Buddha triad of Songnimsa temple, Chilgok. (in Korea)
  17. Research Institute of Buddhist Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Administration, 2018, Important movable cultural assets documentation project report. (in Korea)
  18. The National Folk Museum of Korea, 2005, Natural fiber and fur identification atlas. (in Korean)