• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.519-532
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• 2017

Studies on ancient ironmaking technologies are primarily based on archaeological surveys and scientific analysis data, and technological systems are examined by comparing the results of restorative experiments. In this study, to examine the ancient iron production technologies such as smelting and smithing in the Jungwon area, a restoration experiment was conducted based on archaeological data, and the iron and slag, etc. produced in the experiment were analyzed. Further, the changes in physicochemical properties due to the smelting of the raw material, specifically, iron ore were determined, and the smithing process, which involves fabrication of ironwares, was analyzed along with the characteristics of each step. In the case of smelting, increasing recovery rates and production of high-quality primary iron material were important for the following processes. For the iron bars produced through the smithing process, it was found that quality improvements made by reducing physical defects such as inclusions or gas holes were more important than the composition of the iron itself. The study also yielded comparative study data for various byproducts, such as smithing slag, which could be utilized in other ironmaking technology studies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2020.07a
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• pp.575-576
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• 2020

본 논문은 근래에 식용곤충 식품에 대한 수요 및 국민적 관심이 증가하여 관련 산업이 급격히 성장하고 있는 가운데, 건강기능성 효과가 널리 알려진 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 안정적인 생산량 확보를 위한 스마트 사육사를 제작하고 그 성능을 평가한 결과이다. 사육사는 L6m×W3m×H2.8m 크기로 제작하였으며, 안정적인 사육환경을 위하여 사육실과 공조실을 분리하여 설계하였다. 공시재료는 생후 15일이 경과된 흰점박이꽃 무지 유충 1령이며, 스마트 사육사 내 사육환경은 온도 25±2℃, 습도 65±5%로 제어하였다. 사육조사는 매주 1회, 유충의 체중, 길이, 두께를 측정하였으며, 스마트 사육사의 성능평가를 위해 일반 사육농가(전북 소재)와 비교·분석하였다. 사육 4주 후 조사 결과, 스마트 사육사에서 사육한 유충의 체중과 길이는 각각 평균 1.97g/마리와 3.75cm로, 일반농가의 1.58g/마리와 3.55cm에 비해 비교적 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 두께의 경우 2주 차까지 일반농가에서 대체로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이후 3~4주 차에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 개발한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 스마트 사육사는 일반농가와 비교해 사육이 비교적 빠르고 생산량을 더 많이 확보할 수 있는 시스템으로 농가소득 증대에 유용할 것으로 판단되며, 장소 및 시간에 상관없이 생육환경 제어가 가능하여 개발된 시제품의 보급 확대가 필요하다.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal media for 'Pechika' ever-bearing strawberry grown in hydroponic culture system in summer highland. Three mixed media (1:1, v/v) of peatmoss with perlite, rice hull, and granular rockwool, and four solution strengths of EC 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and $1.25 dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ were tested. Root zone temperature in peatmoss+perlite media was 1 to $3^{\circ}C$ lower than in the other media. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was most effective in producing good yield and fruit quality. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the highest about 1,632kg/10a to yield yearly average, but was very undulating 732 kg/10a to yield in 2004 year and 3,013kg/10a in 2003 year. The deformed fruits were increased when the solution strength was increased, especially in EC $1.25dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The soluble solids and the acidity content of fruits were increased with higher solution strength regardless of media. The uptake of Ca and Mg was inhibited at higher solution strength, and the uptake of N, P and K was promoted. Therefore, the culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the most suitable culture medium to product strawberry in summer, because it had the highest yield even though fruit quality among treatments was not significant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.113-113
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 나일틸라피아, Oreochomis niloticus를 대상으로 염화나트륨, 포르말린 및 과망간산칼륨에 의한 24시간 급성독성 조사를 실시하였다. 부화 후 14일의 양식산 나일틸라피아 치어(평균 전장 14.8±1.1 mm, 평균 체중 0.05±0.01 g)를 공시어로 사용하였다. 3반복 실험 후의 각 농도에 따른 24시 간 LC/sub 50/ 값과 95% 유의수준에서의 상한치와 하한치는 Litchfield and Wilcoxon 법(US EPA, 1978)에 따른 'probit analysis' software로 계산하였다. 각 처리군의 24시간 LC/sub 50/은 매우 좁은 농도 범위 내에서 급성독성 값에 대한 신뢰범위가 결정되었으며, 처리 농도 증가에 따라 매우 유의한 농도 의존성을 나타내었다. 대조군 나일틸라피아 치어는 희석수에 24시간 처리시 모두 생존하였다. 염화나트륨의 24시간 LC/sub 50/ 값은 18.6‰ 이었으며 95% 신뢰한계의 상한치는 18.7‰, 하한치는 18.5‰ 이었다. 포르말린의 24시간 LC/sub 50/ 값은 152 ppm 이었으며 95% 신뢰한계의 상한치는 156 ppm, 하한치는 148 ppm 이었다. 과망간산칼륨의 24시간 LC/sub 50/ 값은 2.09 ppm 이었으며 95% 신뢰한계 상한치는 2.11 ppm, 하한치는 2.07 ppm 이었다. 포르말린과 과망간산칼륨의 24시간 처리시 죽은 나일틸라피아 치어 개체들은 공통적으로 호흡 장애로 기인된다고 판단되는, 아가미덮개 열림과 아울러 입이 열렸고, 표피 점액에 손상을 입는 독성 증후를 보였다. 본 연구 결과와 더불어 앞으로, 1시간 혹은 2시간의 영향농도(Effect concentration) 파악, stage 민감도 조사, 처리 시간 및 처리 환경을 달리한 급성독성에 관한 연구가 필요할 것이다.}C$에서 전반적으로 증가하였으며, 저 수온인 15$^{\circ}C$는 4 시간까지 낮아지다가 이후 증가 되었다. Hb농도는 3$0^{\circ}C$및 $25^{\circ}C$에서 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 4 시간째 일시적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 15$^{\circ}C$에서는 4시간째까지는 감소되었다가 6 시간째에는 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 증가된 경향은 온도가 높아질수록 용존 산소의 포화도가 낮아져 산소부족 요인에 의해 적혈구수의 증가와 함께 Ht수치도 높아지며 아가미운동을 통한 혈액으로의 산소운반이 능동적으로 이루어지고 있음을 나타내고 있다. 혈장 코티졸의 농도는 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 1$0^{\circ}C$및 3$0^{\circ}C$에서는 1 시간까지 증가되었다가 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 신장에서의 SOD활성은 $25^{\circ}C$인 경우 대조구보다 높은 값을 유지하였다. 하지만, 30도에서는 4 시간째까지 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 저온인 1$0^{\circ}C$에서는 감소하였다. 간장에서의 CAT의 활성은 3$0^{\circ}C$인 경우 4시간까지 $25^{\circ}C$ 및 15$^{\circ}C$에서는 2 시간까지 증가하였다가 이후 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 고ㆍ저 수온변화에 따른 스트레스가 장기화될 경우 어체의 건강상에 문제점의 발생하여 대량 폐사 및 질병발생의 야기될 것으로 사료된다.은 먹이 공급 6시간 후 가장 높은 값인 44.19$\pm$

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2000

It is increasingly necessary to use poly-Si n's as high resolution and integration of Tn for LCD. Excimer Laser Crystallization (ELC) of a-Si is mainly used as a low temperature process. But the ELC method for the fabrication of poly-Si has the eruption problems associated with hydrogen in the a-Si film. So we need a dehydro-genation process additionally. Hydrogen in a-Si film can degrade the quality of poly-Si film and electrical properties of device due to the hydrogen eruption and voids which occur during the excimer laser annealing. In this study, we propose mesh-type PECVD as the a-Si film deposition method for achieving the low concentration hydrogen. Mesh-type PECVD was found to reduce the hydrogen content substantially. We could obtain a as-deposited a-Si film with hydrogen contents less than $1\%$ at $300^{\circ}C$. We also investigated the behavior by XeCl excimer laser annealing of a-Si fabricated by mesh-type PECVB. As a result, we were able to confirm the broad process window in contrast to the narrow process range typically obtained in ELC. Hydrogen eruption was not observed in poly-Si films after ELC These results suggests that mesh-type PECVD is a viable method to achieve the low hydrogen content a-Si and improve the process windows for ELC.

• Plant Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.46-51
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• 2017

In this study, the boiler efficiency and the change of boiler combustion state with the burner operation of the uppermost layer of 870MW opposite fired coal boiler were measured. Test results showed that the boiler efficiency was high in the order of the uppermost layer simultaneous operation of the front and rear burners, the front burner, and the rear burner operation. When the front and rear burners were operated simultaneously, the heat absorption rate of water walls in the boiler furnace was uniform at four side, and the temperature deviation of the left and right steam on the convection front surface decreased. As the heat absorption rate of the boiler improved, the loss of boiler exhaust gas decreased and the coal supply amount decreased by 8 tons/hour compared to the operation of the rear burner. This will contribute not only to the reduction of fuel cost but also to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

This paper examined the history and development of Gyeongbokgung Palace's back garden based on historical materials and drawings such as Joseon Ilgi(Diaries of Joseon Dynasty), Joseon Wangjo Sillok(the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Doseongdaejido(the Great Map of Seoul), Bukgwoldohyeong(Drawing Plan of the Northern Palace), the Bukgung Palace Restoration Plan, Restoration Planning of Gyeongbokgung Palace and the following results were derived. First, it was confirmed that the Back Garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace was famous for its great location since the Goryeo Dynasty, and that it was named Namkyeong at that time and was a place where a shrine was built, and that castles and palaces were already built during the Goryeo Dynasty under the influence of Fengshui-Docham(風水圖讖) and Zhouli·Kaogongji(周禮考工記). Although the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the early Joseon Dynasty stayed out of the limelight as a back garden for the palace, it has a place value as a living space for the head of the state from King Gojong to the present. Second, in order to clearly identify the boundaries of back garden, through literature such as map of Doseongdo (Map of the Capital), La Coree, Gyeongmudae Area, Japanese Geography Custom Compendium, Korean Photo Album, JoseonGeonchukdoJip(The Illustration Book of Joseon Construction), Urban Planning Survey of Gyeongseong, it was confirmed that the current Blue House area outside Sinmumun Gate was built outside the precincts of Gyeongbokgung Palace. It was found that the area devastated through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, was used as a space where public corporations were combined through the process of reconstruction during the King Gojong period. In Japanese colonial era, the place value as a back garden of the primary palace was damaged, as the palace buildings of the back garden was relocated or destroyed, but after liberation, it was used as the presidential residence and restored the place value of the ruler. Third, in the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace, spatial changes proceeded through the Japanese Invasion and Japanese colonial era. The place with the greatest geographical change was Gyeongnongjae area, where the residence of the Japanese Government-General of Korea was built, and there were frequent changes in the use of the land. On the other hand, the current Gyeongmudae area, the forests next to the small garden, and the forests of Baekak were preserved in the form of traditional forests. To clarify this, 1:1200 floor plan of inner Gyeongmudae residence and satellite images were overlapped based on Sinmumun Gate, and as a result, it was confirmed that the water path originating from Baekak still exists today and the forest area did not change. Fourth, in the areas where the traditional forest landscape was inherited, the functional changes in the topography were little, and major old-age colonies are maintained. The old trees identified in this area were indicator tree species with historical value. Representatively, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki, located in Nokjiwon Garden, is presumed to have been preserved as one of Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki planted next to Yongmundang, and has a historicality that has been used as a photo zone at dinners for heads of state and important guests. Lastly, in order to continuously preserve and manage the value of Gyeongbokgung Palace in Blue House, it is urgent to clarify the space value through excavation of historical materials in Japanese colonial era and establish a hierarchy of garden archaeology by era. In addition, the basis for preserving the historical landscape from the Joseon Dynasty to the modern era from Gyeongbokgung Palace should not damage the area of the old giant trees, which has been perpetuated since the past, and a follow-up study is needed to investigate all the forests in Blue House.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the hydroponic culture possibility and the optimal solution strength of 'Pechika' ever-bearing strawberry in summer highland. Maximum room temperature and minimum root zone temperature of plastic house were $30.8^{\circ}C\;and\;19^{\circ}C$ in highland respectively and $4^{\circ}C\;and\;3^{\circ}C$ lower than in level and. The growth of 'Pechika' was better in highland. There was effective in producing the good yield and fruit quality in highland and the deformed fruits also were decreased. The soluble solid and titratable acidity content increased in highland. Early growth was the most effective in standard solution $(EC\;0.75dS\;m^{-1})$ and had a tendency to be inhibition with increasing nutrient concentration. Standard solution was also the highest to yield about 2,064kg/10a among treatments, and 2/3S, 4/3S, 5/3S by turns. The browning roots and root activity increased when the solution strength was increased, especially in EC $1.25dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The soluble solids and acidity content of fruits were increased with higher solution strength. Therefor, the summer hydroponic culture of 'Pechika' ever-bearing strawberry was suitable in highland and effective in standard solution $(EC\;0.75dS{\cdot}m^{-1})$ in solution control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.1 s.72
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• pp.43-62
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• 2004

Conventionally the estimation method of the origin-destination Matrix has been developed by implementing the expansion of sampled data obtained from roadside interview and household travel survey. In the survey process, the bigger the sample size is, the higher the level of limitation, due to taking time for an error test for a cost and a time. Estimating the O-D matrix from observed traffic count data has been applied as methods of over-coming this limitation, and a gradient model is known as one of the most popular techniques. However, in case of the gradient model, although it may be capable of minimizing the error between the observed and estimated traffic volumes, a prior O-D matrix structure cannot maintained exactly. That is to say, unwanted changes may be occurred. For this reason, this study adopts a conjugate gradient algorithm to take into account two factors: estimation of the O-D matrix from the conjugate gradient algorithm while reflecting the prior O-D matrix structure maintained. This development of the O-D matrix estimation model is to minimize the error between observed and estimated traffic volumes. This study validates the model using the simple network, and then applies it to a large scale network. There are several findings through the tests. First, as the consequence of consistency, it is apparent that the upper level of this model plays a key role by the internal relationship with lower level. Secondly, as the respect of estimation precision, the estimation error is lied within the tolerance interval. Furthermore, the structure of the estimated O-D matrix has not changed too much, and even still has conserved some attributes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2010

This study is aimed at reviewed and analyzed in order to suggest the improved plans related to natural monuments. The summary of this study is as followings; First, Replacing the current term 'cultural properties', which denotes the meaning of 'goods', we need to devise an new categorization that separates such properties into cultural heritage and natural heritage under the national heritage framework. Second, the designation criteria for natural monuments should be divided into the individual realm for animals and plants respectively, since they are not divided in the current Act. Third, the guidelines for naming of natural monuments should be established with the following new categories in accordance with the clear standards. Fourth, such imbalances require us to give priority to the relatively neglected types and areas. Fifth, as the big and old trees account for more than a half of the designated plants, it is necessary to search out new resources(wet plant communities, seashores, sand dune plant communities, etc.) such as geological resources, mineral springs, hot springs, and fossils that are in danger of completely being exploited and exhausted. While most of the designated animals are protected nationally, the existing designation system is required to protect habitats and breeding places for the systematic and efficient conservation. Sixth, as long as we need to preserve those historical and cultural resources for the future generations from national and global perspectives, we should enhance their values by designating them as natural monuments even though they are protected by other regulations such as the natural environment area. Seventh, as a result of the survey, we found that more budgets and experts in the local governments, more empowered organizations, more active public participation should be provided for the better Natural Monument management in Korea. Eighth, the Lap of Natural Heritage in the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage needs to be developed to the Natural Heritage Institute to conduct the diverse activities such as researches, restoration, exhibition and education programs in a systematic and efficient way. Ninth and the last, major damages to natural monuments can be generally categorized into the artificial one and natural one, respectively. The artificial damages include toxics, soil covering, excessive humidity, fire, construction and management works, unlawful damages, fishing, oil spillage, etc, and the natural ones include lightning, storms(typhoons), heavy snowfalls, damage by insects and diseases, lack of prey, etc. This study will become meaningful in that it proposes specific measures for the improvement of the institutions, designation, and management of natural monuments on the basis of the comprehensive analysis on natural monuments. We wish to leave the other subjects related with this study to the future researches.