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Study on the Restoration of Ancient Smelting and Smithing Technologies in the Jungwon Area

재현실험을 통한 중원지역 고대 제련-단야기술의 공정별 특성 연구

  • Lee, Eunwoo (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Kwak, Byeongmoon (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Kim, Eunji (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Han, Youngwoo (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Park, Chonglyuck (Posco Pohang Research Lab Ironmaking Research Group)
  • 이은우 (국립중원문화재연구소) ;
  • 곽병문 (국립중원문화재연구소) ;
  • 김은지 (국립중원문화재연구소) ;
  • 한영우 (국립중원문화재연구소) ;
  • 박종력 (포스코 포항연구소 제선연구그룹)
  • Received : 2017.10.31
  • Accepted : 2017.12.11
  • Published : 2017.12.20

Abstract

Studies on ancient ironmaking technologies are primarily based on archaeological surveys and scientific analysis data, and technological systems are examined by comparing the results of restorative experiments. In this study, to examine the ancient iron production technologies such as smelting and smithing in the Jungwon area, a restoration experiment was conducted based on archaeological data, and the iron and slag, etc. produced in the experiment were analyzed. Further, the changes in physicochemical properties due to the smelting of the raw material, specifically, iron ore were determined, and the smithing process, which involves fabrication of ironwares, was analyzed along with the characteristics of each step. In the case of smelting, increasing recovery rates and production of high-quality primary iron material were important for the following processes. For the iron bars produced through the smithing process, it was found that quality improvements made by reducing physical defects such as inclusions or gas holes were more important than the composition of the iron itself. The study also yielded comparative study data for various byproducts, such as smithing slag, which could be utilized in other ironmaking technology studies.

고대 제철기술에 대한 연구는 고고학적 조사와 자연과학적 분석 자료를 기본으로 하며 복원실험 결과와의 비교분석을 통해 기술체계를 연구하게 된다. 현재까지의 고고학적 조사를 통한 고대 중원지역의 제철기술은 직접제련법을 통한 탄소량이 낮은 1차 철소재를 생산하고 이를 단타가공하여 철기를 제작하는 체계로 확인된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 제련에서 단야로 이어지는 철 생산기술의 연구를 목적으로 20여회의 제련실험과 4회의 단야실험을 실시하였으며 생산한 철괴 및 부산물의 자연과학적 분석을 통해 제철유적에서 출토되는 유물과 비교하고자 하였다. 실험 및 분석의 종합적 연구결과 제련 및 단야공정에서 나타나는 물리화학적 성질의 변화 및 각 공정별 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 제련의 경우 적절한 노 내 환원분위기 조성과 원활한 슬래그 분리를 통해 철의 회수율을 높이는 것이 중요하며 이러한 양질의 1차 철소재의 생산은 다음 공정의 효율성을 위해 중요한 것으로 확인된다. 직접제련을 통해 만들어진 철괴는 내부에 불순물이 존재할 수밖에 없어 정련단야를 통해 추가적으로 불순물을 제거하는 공정이 불가피하며 실험을 통해 단야 공정별 효과적인 노의 구조와 온도를 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 본 실험을 통해 제작된 철정의 자연과학적 분석 결과는 성분조성보다 1차적으로는 비금속개재물이나 기공 등 물리적 결함요인의 감소를 통한 품질의 개선이 더 중요한 것으로 확인되었다. 이외에도 다양한 제철공정 부산물들의 비교연구 자료를 확보하였으며 추후 제철유적 출토유물 연구에 활용될 것으로 보인다.

Keywords

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