• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Recently heterogeneous storage system such as hybrid hard disk drive (H-HDD) combining flash memory and magnetic disk is launched, according as the read performance of NAND flash memory is enhanced as similar to that of hard disk drive (HDD) and the power consumption of NAND flash memory is reduced less than that of HDD. However, the read and write operations of NAND flash memory are slower than those of rotational disk. Besides, serious overheads are incurred on CPU and main memory in the case that intensive write requests to flash memory are repeatedly occurred. In this paper, we propose the Least Frequently Used-Hot scheme that replaces the data blocks whose reference frequency of read operation is low and update frequency of write operation is high, and the data flushing scheme that rearranges the data blocks into the multi-zone of the rotation disk. Experimental results show that the execution time of the proposed method is 38% faster than those of conventional LRU and LFU block replacement schemes in I/O performance aspect and the proposed method increases the life span of Non-Volatile Cache 40% higher than those of conventional LRU, LFU, FIFO block replacement schemes.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2024

Enterprise storage systems that require high data reliability are applying RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) systems to recover from data loss and failure. In particular, RAID 5 ensures space efficiency and reliability by distributing parity across multiple storage devices. However, when storage devices have different capacities, RAID is built based on the smallest capacity storage device, resulting in wasted storage space. Therefore, research is needed to solve this resource management problem. In this paper, we propose a method for RAID grouping of each independent NAND flash memory block in a RAID consisting of SSD (Solid State Disk) with external SSDs as well as internal SSDs. This method is divided into a policy for delivering block information inside SSDs to the RAID system and a policy for RAID grouping of physical addresses delivered from the RAID system. This method allows us to maintain a RAID that does not waste resources when SSDs of different capacities are grouped into RAID5. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2014.07a
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• pp.235-236
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• 2014

플래시 메모리 기술이 발전함에 따라 낸드 플래시 기반의 SSD가 상용화 되면서 I/O시간을 줄이기 위한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 기존의 메인 메모리와 저장장치 사이에 확장 버퍼 캐시로써 SSD를 사용하고 메인 메모리에서 방출 된 페이지들을 구분하여 같은 성향의 페이지들을 블록화 하는 모델을 제안한다. 이러한 모델을 통하여 블록 단위로 사용되는 SSD를 효율적으로 이용하여 읽기 및 쓰기 성능을 높이고 I/O에 해당하는 시간들을 줄임으로써 전체적인 성능 향상을 증명하였다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2016

In multi-level-cell based storage devices, TLC NAND has been employed solid state drive due to cost effectiveness. Since TLC has slow performance and low endurance compared with MLC, TLC based storage has adopted SLC buffer scheme to improve performance. To improve SLC buffer scheme, this paper proposes page overwriting method in SLC block. This method provides data updates without erase operation within a limited number. When SLC buffer area is filled up, FTL should execute copying valid pages and erasing it. The proposed method reduces erase counts by 50% or more compared with previous SLC buffer scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed SLC buffer overwrite method achieves 2 times write performance improvement.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2008

The DBMS are widely used in embedded systems. The flash memory is used as a storage device of a embedded system. The optimizer of existing database system assumes that the storage device is disk. There is overhead to overwrite on flash memory unlike disk. The block of flash memory should be erased before write. Due to this reason, query optimization model based on disk does not adequate for flash-aware database. Especially embedded system should minimize the consumption of energy, but consumes more energy because of excessive erase operations. This paper proposes new energy based cost model of embedded database and shows the comparison between disk based cost model and energy based cost model.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1299-1306
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• 2023

In this paper, we present a system for undesignated cultural heritage management and real-time theft chase, which uses flash-based large-capacity storage. The proposed system is composed of 3 parts, such as a cultural management device, a flash-based server, and a monitoring service for managing cultural heritages and chasing thefts using IoT technologies. However flash-based storage needs methods to overcome the limited lifespan. Therefore, in this paper, we present a system, which uses the disk buffer in flash-based storage to overcome the disadvantage, and evaluate the system performance in various environments. In our experiments, LRU policy shows the number of direct writes in the flash-based storage by 10.7% on average compared with CLOCK and FCFS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.30-32
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• 2014

최근 낸드 플래시 메모리는 임베디드 저장 장치로 많이 사용되고 있다. 비휘발성인 플래시 메모리는 기존의 하드디스크와 달리 저 전력, 좋은 내충격성 및 집적도 등 많은 장점이 있지만 데이터 업데이트 시 덮어쓰기가 안 되어 쓰기 연산 전 해당 블록을 지우는 작업이 선 진행되어야 하며 이로 인해 부분 페이지 업데이트가 자주 일어난다. 이런 플래시메모리와 더불어 최근 차세대 메모리연구가 많이 진행 중인데, 이 중에서 PCM 이라는 메모리는 비휘발성으로 정전 시 데이터가 날라 가버리는 DRAM에 반해 전원이 공급 안 되더라도 데이터가 보존되는 특성이 있다. 하지만 PCM 역시 플래시 메모리와 마찬가지로 블록 당 쓰기연산 작업이 제한되어 있어서 근래에 DRAM과 같이 사용하는 하이브리드 구조를 채택하여 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 플래시 메모리의 문제점을 해결함으로서 수명을 연장시키고 정 전시 데이터가 보존되지 않는 DRAM의 단점을 하이브리드 메모리를 기반으로하여 데이터의 신뢰성을 높이는 FTL알고리즘을 제안한다.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2023

Recently, resource optimization research has been actively conducted in enterprises and data centers to manage the rapid growth of big data. In particular, thin provisioning, which allocates a large number of resources compared to fixedly allocated storage resources, has the effect of reducing initial costs, but as the number of resources actually used increases, the cost effectiveness decreases and the management cost for allocating resources increases. In this paper, we propose a technique that divides the physical blocks of flash memory into single-bit cells and multi-bit cells, formats them with a hybrid technique, and manages them by dividing frequently used hot data and infrequently used cold data. The proposed technique has the advantage that the physical and allocated resources are the same, such as thick provisioning, and can be used without additional cost increase, and the underutilized resources can be managed in multi-bit cell blocks, such as thin provisioning, which can allocate more resources than typical storage devices. Finally, we estimated the resource optimization effectiveness of the proposed technique through experiments based on simulations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06b
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• pp.462-465
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• 2011

낸드 플래시 메모리를 이용한 SSD(Solid-State Disk)는 빠른 속도와 저전력, 휴대성, 내구성 등의 특성을 가져 전통적인 저장 장치인 하드 디스크(HDD:Hard Disk Drive)를 대체할 차세대 저장 장치로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 저장 장치 성능 측정 도구는 기존의 하드 디스크의 특성을 기반으로 한 것들이 대부분으로 이를 통해 SSD의 성능을 측정하기엔 적합하지 않다. 특히 SSD는 하드 디스크에 비해 단위 공간 당비용이 수십 배 가량 높아 저장 공간의 효율적인 관리를 위해 컨트롤러(Controller)가 데이터 압축 기법을 사용하기도 하는데 이 압축 기법을 사용하는 컨트롤러에 따라 SSD는 다른 성능을 보인다. 또, 여러 가지 명령들이 한꺼번에 존재할 때 컨트롤러에 따라 이를 적절히 효율적으로 처리해주는 기능을 가지고 있는데 이 역시 SSD의 성능에 차이를 가져온다. 그러나 기존 저장 장치 성능 측정 도구는 압축 기법 유무를 판별할 수 있으면서 여러 명령들이 한꺼번에 존재할 때 SSD 성능의 차이를 파악할 수 있는 통합된 성능 측정 도구는 없다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 패턴에 따라 SSD의 특성을 측정할 수 있는 도구인 uFlip 성능 측정 도구를 기반으로, 압축 기법의 사용 유무를 판별할 수 있는 기능과 명령 큐 깊이(Command Queue Depth)에 따라 성능의 차이를 판별할 수 있는 기능을 추가하였고, uFlip 기반 수정된 성능 측정 도구로 몇 가지 상용 SSD의 성능을 평가하여 비교함으로써 추가된 기능들의 유무에 따라 SSD별로 다른 성능을 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose to solve the problem of increasing system memory usage due to an increase in the number of mapping information management when using a NAND flash memory-based storage device in an existing sector-based file system. The proposed technique is to store only mapping information in page units based on index blocks and manage them in block units. To this end, the proposed technique uses a sequential offset for storing and managing a plurality of mapping information in one page in a small block, and a reverse offset for a spare page corresponding to a change in mapping information in the block. Through this, the proposed technique has the advantage that the number of block-unit deletions is less than that of the existing technique, and the system memory usage required for mapping information management is low. Reduced by about 32%.