• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3541-3546
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• 2011

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway for degrading cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles in addition to recycling protein and ATP synthesis. Although autophagy is very important during embryogenesis, the mechanism underlying the dynamic development during this process remains largely unknown. In order to obtain insights into autophagy in early embryo development, we analyzed gene expression levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in mouse embryos developing in vitro. Using real time RT-PCR technique, ATGs including Atg2a, Atg3, Atg4b, Atg5, Atg6, Atg7, Atg9a, and Wipi3, as maternal transcripts, were only up-regulated in 1-cell embryo stage before zygotic genomic activation (ZGA), and then expression decreased from 2-cell to blastocyst embryo stage. ATGs including Dram and Atg9b were expressed abundantly in 1-cell embryo state and in blastocyst embryo stage, athough Atg8 and Ulk1 were constantly expressed during preimplantation stage. However, Atg4d were only up-expressed from 4-cell to blastocyst stage. These results suggest that autophagy is related in mouse embryo, which possibly gives an important role for early development.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of food-waste(FW) between weeks(0, 1, 2, 3, 4 week) and additive levels(0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20%) on egg production and egg qualify in laying hens. One hundred sixty two White Leghorn laying hens at fifty weeks of age were used for this work. There was no significant difference on feed intake, egg production, and egg weight among all treatments. But, 20% FW group was decreased at 1, 2, and 3 week on egg production and it was recovered at 4 weeks(p<0.05). There was no difference on the eggshell thickness and egg yolk index among all treatments. However, eggshell breaking strength were $4.13kg/cm^2\;and\;4.04kg/cm^2$ at 3 week and 4 week, individually, and there was difference on eggshell breaking strength(p<0.05). Haugh unit and egg yolk color were high at 20% FW group as 92.3 and 9.4, individually, and there was shown the significant increasing in weeks and additive levels(p<0.05). Conclusionally, 20% FW group was decreased on egg production, while 5% FW group was maintained on egg production, and haugh unit and egg yolk color were cleary developed. Therefore, if the nutrients balance of FW diets were controlled, FW diets will be used with one of the valuable feed sources.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to determine optimum levels of dietary crude protein for productivity and egg quality in laying hens during early stage. A total of seven hundred and twenty 24-wk-old Hy-Line Variety Brown layers were randomly assigned to 4 experimental diets varying with 16%, 17%, 18%, and 19% CP and fed the diets for 12 wks. There were no significant differences in egg production, daily egg mass and feed intake among experimental diets. Although no difference was found on egg weight among experimental diets, decreasing levels of dietary crude protein tended to reduce the egg weight. Haugh unit and egg shell quality were not affected by different levels of dietary crude protein. Although there was no difference on yolk color among experimental diets, increasing levels of dietary crude protein slightly reduced the yolk color. It is concluded that laying hens did not need more than 16% CP to maximize egg production.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.231-244
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• 2014

Domestic recessions, business restructurings, voluntary resignations and youth unemployment crises have fueled competition in the start-up market, and business start-up is increasingly incited as a means to make a living under circumstances. However, ill-prepared business start-ups result in bankruptcy. Profound knowledge and skills are required for successful start-up. A successful entrepreneur of a business is often not born but made. The purpose of this study was to examine the success factors of successful venture entrepreneurs in an effort to make some suggestions on entrepreneurship education. After the characteristics of the selected successful venture entrepreneurs were analyzed, 18 items were selected as their success factors, and the following six things were presented as what should be taken into account in relation to the competency of a successful entrepreneur: First, achievement-needs characteristics and goal-oriented characteristics that belong to the characteristics of entrepreneurs could be educationally taken advantage of in entrepreneurship education. Second, achievement-needs characteristics are an educational element of the preparatory stage, and goal-oriented characteristics are an educational element for business administration after starting a business. Third, hands-on experience is mandatory since learning by experience is quite important for entrepreneurs. Fourth, entrepreneurship education is more effective when it targets the younger generations. Fifth, the kind of educational support that is to assess the entrepreneurship of prospective entrepreneurs to help them improve their overall entrepreneurship is required. Finally, entrepreneurship education should be offered by a person with experience of setting up a business so that he or she could inform learners of their practical experience and knowhow.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 2012

With entering the 21st century, modern people's dark inside and panic are emerging as the talking point on the theater stage. Even in the field of stage costume, the necessity of a research is being demanded through analyzing on psychological anguish and structure of characters. Accordingly, this study aims to allow the stage costume design to be expressed a human being's Doppelg$\ddot{a}$nger Image, which was elicited through analyzing a work of the play titled Le Grand C$\acute{e}$r$\acute{e}$monial by a playwriter Fernando Arrabal, who draws the conflictory and contradictory duplicity, which positions in a human being's deep inside by having chaos as catalyst. A research subject is 'Le Grand C$\acute{e}$r$\acute{e}$monial,' which was staged as the winter performance in commemoration of the 50th anniversary for the foundation of Dept. of Theater, Chung-Ang Univ. in November 2009. Psychology of characters in a play, which varies dimensionally, could be delivered, as nonverbal element called costume, by applying costume design of Cavanoza, Syl, Nice to Doppelg$\ddot{a}$nger Image such as Innocence vs Cruelty, Purity vs Superficiality and Restraint vs Freedom, which were elicited through analyzing characters. Through this study, the costume, which was expressed by visualizing a human being's Doppelg$\ddot{a}$nger Image, could be known to function as important dramatic factor of allowing character's psychology to be understood through costume as well as functioning as visual and sensible language, which is important for communication with the audience. A research on costume design, which reflects a character's complex inside, is expected to be likely continued through in-depth analysis on a playwriter's intention and on the appearing characters at the current point of time when an active research is being performed on stage costume in the wake of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.529-535
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• 2011

In this study, evaluation of acoustic emission signals characteristics for the post weld heat treated (PWHT) multi-pass weldment and weldment was dealt. Charpy standard specimens were taken from the lowest, middle and highest regions of the weld block. Pre-crack was made using the repeated load. Four point bend and AE tests were conducted simultaneously. Regardless of the specimens, AE signals were absent within elastic region and produced in the process of plastic deformation. AE signals for all specimens were not emitted after the maximum load. Value of signal strength for the all PWHT specimens was lower than that of the weldment. Besides, relations of plastic deformation zone size and accumulated AE counts for the PWHT specimens were more simple compared with the weldment. In case of the PWHT specimen, particles on the fractured surface decreased prominently compared with the weldment due.to PWHT. From these results, it can be concluded that PWHT was effective in reducing the AE sources for the weldment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

The main purpose of the current study was to compare quality of eggs 1) produced from hens housed in battery cages vs. free range, 2) from young vs. old hens, and 3) tagged with the lowest vs. the highest price in a local franchised mart. The ages of hens, at which their eggs were used for the analysis of quality, were 70 weeks old in the experiment 1, 22 and 47 weeks old in the experiment 2, and were unknown in the experiment 3. Eggs were analyzed for weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell color, shell strength, shell thickness, shell weight, yolk color, yolk weight, and egg white weight. In the experiment 1, significant differences were detected between two housing systems in shell color, shell weight, yolk color, and yolk weight (P<0.05), but not in egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell strength, shell thickness, and egg white weight (P>0.05). Although egg weight was slightly but not significantly higher in battery cages by 2.2 g than in free range, yolk weight was significantly higher in battery cage (P<0.05). On the contrary, shell color was greatly increased in free range system by 68.5% compared with battery cage. In the experiment 2, there were significant differences between young and old hens in egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell strength, shell weight, yolk color and yolk weight (P<0.05). Egg weight, shell weight, yolk color and yolk weight were increased in old hens than young hens while albumen height, Haugh unit, and shell strength were decreased. In the experiment 3, egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell weight, and egg white weight were significantly higher in the highest priced eggs than the lowest ones (P<0.05), whereas shell strength and yolk color were lower (P<0.05) but shell color, shell thickness and yolk weight were not different (P>0.05). So, egg freshness was clearly higher in the highest priced ones than in the lowest (P<0.05). Due to the limited information on raising and husbandry of laying hens whose eggs were tested for egg quality in the current study, the present results should be cautiously interpreted while contributing to the future study as a basis in this field.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2005

National groundwater monitoring stations have been managed throughout the country by Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO) in order to monitor variations in quantity and quality of groundwater resources. A multi-sensor installed in each monitoring station well measures groundwater level, water temperature and electrical conductivity every six hours and the logged data are automatically transmitted to a host computer in KOWACO. Meanwhile despite regular station inspection and replacement of deteriorate or broken devices, abnormal values or outliers often occur due to intrinsic limitations of automatic monitoring and transmission. Thus prompt recognition and measures to these values are essentially required to reduce disturbance and missing period of the data. In this study, time and frequency of outlier occurrence were analyzed for the water level data obtained from national groundwater monitoring stations within the Han river basin in 2000. The analysis results indicated that the most prominent patterns of the outliers were rapid decline for water level, no variation for temperature and steep decline for electrical conductivity. This study provided a sample criterion for determining the outlier for each parameter.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2007

Four strains of water mold, ChS-E0511, RaT-E0511, RaT-A0512 and MaS-F0512, were isolated from salmonid fish and/or their eggs taken from culture farms in Yangyang, Milyang and Pyeongchang, Korea in 2005. Descriptions of their morphological aspects, the results of the phylogenetic analysis conducted, and the sequence of the small sub-unit 18S rRNAs of the isolates confirmed that they all belong to the species Saprolegnia parasitica. Only one species, ChS-E0511, which was isolated from fertilized eggs of the chum salmon, was classified as part of the S. parasiticaGroup 1 according to its oogonia and gemmae production. The chemotherapeutic effects of various chemicals on the ChS-E0511 strain were assessed from the inhibitory effects of growth in GY media and the relative ratio of eyed eggs to fertilized eggs of the rainbow trout. Malchite green, a prohibited substance in food animals, was better than others, such as the Opuntia ficus-indicaextract, 2-bronopol, and sodium chloride. These results suggest that the fungi isolated from salmonids and/or their eggs identified as S. parasitica were composed of more than two groups. These isolates will be useful in an intensive evaluation of therapeutic agents.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2005

Germ cell development during oogenesis, ovarian maturation and first sexual maturity in female Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by cytological and histological observations. R. philippinarum is dioecious. During vitellogenesis, the Golgi complex, glycogen particles, and mitochondria were involved in the formation of lipid droplets and lipid granules in the cytoplasm of the early vitellogenic oocyte. In the late vitellogenic oocyte, cortical granules, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria were involved in the formation of proteid yolk granules in the cytoplasm. At this time, exogenous lipid granular substance and glycogen particles in the germinal epithelium passed into the oocyte through the microvilli of the vitelline envelope. The spawning period was once a year between early June and early October, and the main spawning occurred between July and August when seawater temperature was approximately $20^{\circ}C$. The reproductive cycle of this species can be categorized into five successive stages: early active stage(January to March), late active stage(Februaryto May), ripe stage(April to August), partially spawned stage(May to October), and spent/inactive stage (August to February). Percentages of female clams at first sexual maturity of $15.1{\sim}20.0mm$ in shell length were 52.6%(50% of the rate of group maturity was 17.83mm in length), and 100% for the clams >25.1mm.