• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

This study was carried out to test the effects of temperatures between 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ on the reproduction and development of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. Preoviposition periods were much longer (17.2 to 51.0 days) in the overwintering adult females collected in March than those collected in May, regardless of temperature. Oviposition periods, however, were longer (16.9 to 22.0 days) in the adult females collected in May than those collected in March at the same temperatures. The longer oviposition period observed in the females collected in May were directly associated with higher fecundity. Egg periods were shortened from as temperature increased, but the hatching rate was highest (100%) at 27$^{\circ}C$. The developmental periods from egg to adult were shortened as temperature increased : from 77.9 days at 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 38.3 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The developmental zero point temperature (T) and the total effect temperature (K) for egg were 16.3$^{\circ}C$ and 62.1 dgree days, respectively. The T and K from egg to adult emergence were 13.9$^{\circ}C$ and 577.6 dgree days, respectively. The adult females of the first generation did not oviposit at 2$0^{\circ}C$, but did at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) increased as temperature augmented. Net reproductive rate (Ro) per generation was highest (75.3) at $25^{\circ}C$.>.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-68
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• 2013

Despite improved technologies, procedures, and regulations, consumers are still uncertain about purchasing online. The objective of this study is to understand uncertainty factors in online shopping and their relationships with the consumers' intention to purchase. For this objective we derived seller anonymity, lack of product transparency, and lack of process transparency as uncertainty factors from previous researches which may affect consumers' perceived uncertainty on online shopping. Then, a causal model was developed to conceptualize the relationships between these uncertainty factors as antecedent variables and consumer's intention to purchase as consequent variable with perceived uncertainty as an intermediary variable. Purchase involvement was used as a moderating variable on the relationship between perceived uncertainty and the intention to purchase online. The model was tested empirically to find meaningful relationships among these variables. The findings indicate that all antecedent variables affect perceived uncertainty significantly and perceived uncertainty negatively affects consumers' intention to purchase. Moreover, the results of analysis show purchase involvement has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between perceived uncertainty and intention to purchase online.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.506-513
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• 2014

As a measure to overcome the limit of small city which is weak in spontaneous competitiveness and to improve the quality of environmental, cultural and economic life of dwellers, it analyzed the geographical characteristics of city, movement path, economic status and other simple problems comprehensively and produced the vague problem solutions for dwellers and the practical direction for design using the 3D simulation rendering in order to suggest the result to change the potential for urban policy into substantial alternative. Geochang-gun selected as research area is evaluated for the place with high symbolic value of bridge in terms of environment, and the new design development for this kind of public design can be the good measure to increase the competitiveness of the city. This research is to understand the direction of the bridge recreation project which provides the cultural space connecting with other areas and improves the competitiveness of small city and to suggest the appropriate bridge design in order to provide the reasonable maintenance direction related to the future development of public design and the achievement of the symbolism of the region and to suggest the examples of public design for the urban competitiveness. For this purpose, focusing on Wicheon-stream in Geochang County, Gyeongsangnam-do selected as the research and development area for bridge design, it is to design the concept design bridge newly emphasizing the symbolism of bridge-oriented city for the development of future city.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 1997

To clarify the phytoplankton blooms in Lake Shihwa after the construction of a dyke, a study on the environmental factors, the distribution of chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton standing stocks, dominant species and primary productivity was carried out in Lake Shihwa and adjacent coastal areas from October, 1995 to August, 1996. Lake Shihwa is brackish water with mixing of freshwater from tributaries and the remaining salt water at the bottom. The dense phytoplankton bloom of average value of 168.6 ${\mu}gChl-a\;l^{-1}$ have occurred throughout the year in Lake Shihwa which is eutrophicated by the large input of nutrients from inflowing 5 tributaries and Shihwa Industrial Complex. The major organisms of algal bloom in Lake Shihwa were diatoms, Cyclotella atomus, Nitzschia sp. and Chaetoceros sp. in autumn and winter, and dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and Chrysophyceae in spring and summer. The autumn and winter diatom blooms were limited by the depletion of silicate in the lake. Diatom blooms have occurred in the coastal areas adjacent to Shihwa lake from winter to summer due to the inflow of nutrient rich-water from Lake Shihwa. The primary productivities in the Lake Shihwa ranged from 2,653 mgC $m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ to 9,505 mgC $m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ with an average of 3,972 mgC $m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. However, most of the high primary production was limited to the shallow euphotic zone due to the inhibition of light penetration. The primary productivities during autumn and winter were limited by the depletion of silicate. Lack of photosynthesis and the decomposition of falling organic matter under the middle of water column accelerated the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.160-180
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• 2012

We have studied the eukaryotic plankton species diversity to compare the community structure of fresh and brackish waters in the lower reaches of the Nakdong River using metagenomic methods. We constructed 18S rDNA clone libraries of total DNAs extracted from environmental water samples collected at Mulgeum (MG100929, fresh) and Eulsukdo bridge (ES, brackish). Through the steps of colony PCR, PCR-RFLP, sequencing and similarity analysis, we discovered the diverse species composition of eukaryotic plankton. Total 338 clones (170 at MG100929 and 168 at ES) were analyzed, and then we found 74 phylotypes (49 for MG100929 and 25 for ES). From the phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed various eukaryotic plankton of broad range of taxonomic groups, including Stramenopiles, Cryptophyta, Viridiplantae, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Metazoa, and Fungi. We also found several unreported species in Korea and candidates of new taxonomic entities at levels higher than genus. Especially, the cryptic species diversity including unreported phylotypes of Pirsonia (Stramenopiles) and Perkinsea (Alveolata) suggests that the molecular monitoring method can produce new informative biological data in monitoring the changes in the Nakdong River Mouth ecosystem.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2012

To elucidate the species compositions of estuarine and inshore fauna and compare productivities between them, catch were collected by bag nets in the Han River estuary off Ganghwa Island and the inshore waters off Jangbong Island for 24 hours at the spring tide from March to December 2010. Community structures of nekton assemblages were different with area, month, taxonomic groups. Although the diversity of estuarine nekton assemblage was lower than that of inshore nekton assemblage, the productivity of nekton assemblage in estuary was higher than that in the inshore waters. Nekton assemblages were distributed according to habitat environment: the estuarine species, Coilia mystus, Chelon haematocheilus, Collichthys lucidus were prominent in the Han River estuary off Ganghwa Island, and marine species, Thryssa kammalensis, Sardinella zunasi, Portunus trituberculatus were prominent in the inshore waters off Jangbong Island. Palaemon gravieri, Exopalaemon carinicauda, Synechogobius hasta were inhabited in both waters. The health assessment of estuarine ecosystem based on scientific research will be contributed to the effective management of estuary with determination of order and direction in policy.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3 s.95
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• pp.251-258
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• 2001

The ichthyofauna and passing efficiency of fish ways were surveyed in the lower and upper regions of the river mouth dam in the lower reaches of the Nakdong river from June to December in 20()0. As the dam built in the river mouth, the brackish area in the estuary disappeared completely and the transitional area did not formed. The fishes collected from survey were classified into 49 species, 45 genera belonging to 29 families. Among them, the fresh water fishes composed of 10 species, peripheral freshwater fishes 11 species and sea water fishes 28 species respectively. Because of the ecological difference between the fresh and sea water, dominant species in the Myeong-ji of sea water area was Acanthogobius flavimanus (39.1%) and in the Sa-sang of fresh water area was Achanthorhodeus macropterus (44.4%). By the video camera records, fishes were identified nine species like as Coilia ectenes, Cyprinus carpio, Hemibarbus labeo, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Plecoglosus altivelis, Lateolabrax japonicus, Anguilla japonica, Mugil cephalus and Pholis nebulosa. Based on total species collected, the efficiency of the fish way for the anadromous fish was 10.1%. Therefore, efficiency evaluation of the fish way in the Nakdong River Mouth Dam was low.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 2013

Analysis of the fish community in the Lagoon Cheongcho, Korea, was investigated in 2008 and in 2012. A total 48 species, belonging to 26 falmilies, were sampled during the period. The dominant species was Tribolodon hakonensis (75.2%), and subdominant species were Acanthogobius flavimanus (5.4%), Pungitius kaibarae (3.1%). The results of the fish ecotypes according to origin of water body was compared by surveyed year, freshwater fish was reduced, whereas those of brackish water and seawater fishes were increased. Moreover, the result of similarity analysis based on species and individuals in five lagoons were divided into 2 major groups based on their similarity, and Lagoon Cheongcho was included group 'A' with Lagoon Gyeongpo, as having a montinous inflow of seawater. Hence, according to the characterization according to the analysis of fish community, Lagoon Cheongcho has lost the characteristics of a lagoon, and oceanization is considerably progressed. Therefore, we are considering the provision of a management strategy for hydrarch succession, as well as continuous research, in order to manage the recovery of essential characteristics of the lagoon ecosystem. Hence, according to the characterization according to the analysis of fish community, Lagoon Cheongcho has lost the characteristics of a lagoon, and oceanization is considerably progressed. Therefore, we are considering the provision of a management strategy for hydrarch succession, as well as continuous research, in order to manage the recovery of essential characteristics of the lagoon ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.419-426
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• 2006

A thermophilic microorganism, strain JE 375, which produces a thermostable protease, was isolated from soil and compost in Korea. This gram-positive, rod-shaped, catalase positive, motility positive, and hemolysis ${\beta}$ containing organism was implicated in glucose fermentation, mannitol fermentation, xylose oxidation, aerobic activity and spore formation. The color of the colony was yellowish white. The temperature range for growth at pH 6.5 was between 55 and $70^{\circ}C$, with an optimum growth temperature of $65^{\circ}C$. This result confirmed the strain JE 375 as a thermophilic microorganism. The enzyme was produced aerobically at $65^{\circ}C$ during 20 hr in a medium (pH 6.5) containing 1% trypton. 1% maltose, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% NaCl. The 16S rDNA of strain JE 375 had 97.6% sequence similarity with the 16S rDNA of Bacillus caldoxyloyticus. On the basis of biochemical and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis, we named the isolated strain as Bacillus sp. JE 375. The thermostable protease from Bacillus sp. JE 375 had been partially purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme was deduced from SDS-PAGE and gel chromatography as 55 kDa and its optimal temperature was $60^{\circ}C$. The enzyme showed its highest activity at pH 7.5 and was stable from pH 7.0 to 8.0.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.17 no.32
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• pp.255-266
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• 1994

This study does present things to suggest to foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation through the empirical study on the standardization level. If we summary this study, it is as follows. In chapter I, we did institute the problems and explain the objects and methods and system of the study. In chapter II, we did explain the universality of the culture and international advertisement. Next, we did explain the background of doing specialization strategy and standardization strategy. Also we did study the previous study about the arguements for and against these. Lsat we did institute the hypothesises as follows. - Hypothesis 1 $H_0$ : The use of westerner appeal means has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 2 $H_0$ : The use of westerner model and knowned has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 3 $H_0$ : The use of the English language has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 4 $H_0$ : The use of the west short piece and background has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. In chapter III, we did refer to the method of this study. First, we did adjust the measure of standardization index, and we did work coding it, such after the two coder did check the freguency of the appeal meanstype about the advertisement of four daily report. Then we did select eight production as high involvement production and seven production as low involvement. We did test the coder's trust degree on the such sample to be selected through the 't-test' of the SAS statistic program and regression analysis through the spss/$pc^+$ statistic program to approve the this study's hypothesises. In chapter IV, we did analysis the results of the empirical study on the high or low involvement productions. First, the results of t-test to approve the coder's trust degree is that it is same statistically attentionly the distribution of the sample between coder at 10% attention level. Next, the results of the regression analysis on eight hypothesises are as fellows. In case of high involvement production we are able to speak that the use of the English language appeal among the eight appeals is only standardized. And incase of low involvement production, we are able to speak that the use of the hard-sell appeal among the eight appeds is only standardized. Therefore we did conclude that the standardization level of Korea newspaper advertisement is low. Also this suggests that it will do plan and do the specialzation strategy or localization strategy foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation in Korea newspaper advertisement. In chapter V, we do present the boundary of this study and new study methods.