• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2010

In this study, micro- and submicron particles of itraconazole, a poorly water-soluble antifungal drug, were prepared for improving its aqueous solubility using an ultrasound-assisted supercritical fluid technique, called SAS-EM. The SAS-EM process used in our experiments was different from the conventional SAS-EM in that the ultrasound was applied directly to the spray nozzle. The effect of the ultrasonic power, temperature, and solvent on the formation of itraconazole particles were investigated. Smaller particles were obtained through our SAS-EM process compared with the ASES process, and the mean particle size decreased as the ultrasonic power increased. Our experimental results confirmed that the ultrasound-assisted supercritical fluid process is an efficient method for producing ultrafine particles.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

Purpose : Fungal infection is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies. Amphotericin B(ABV) and itraconazole(ITZA) have been used as the standard empirical antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients with acute leukemia who have persistent fever that does not respond to antibiotic therapy. ABV is an antifungal drug associated with side effects such as fever and chills, symptoms which may be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$). We assessed modulation of these pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-4, IL-1Ra) by ABV and ITZA. Methods : From March 2004 to February 2005, a total of 30 episodes from acute leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia were analyzed for this study. They were randomly allocated to receive intravenous ABV or ITZA for 14 days. Clinical responses were evaluated at the completion of therapy, and cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4, and IL-1Ra were measured for determination to know the correlation between two antifungal agents and inflammatory cytokines. Results : Empirical antifungal agents were given to 37 patients(ABV 20, ITZA 17), and 30 patients(ABV 15, ITZA 15) were evaluable for efficacy. White blood cell and absolute neutrophil count in the group treated with ITZA increased early days of treatment, so the duration of neutropenia in ITZA group is shorter. Serum creatinine level is lower in ITZA group than in ABV group but this is not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in response rate between two groups. The IL-$1{\beta}$ was increased in ABV treatment group and the ratio of IL-1Ra/IL-$1{\beta}$ is markedly decreased in ABV treatment group while increased in ITZA group. Conclusion : ITZA and ABV have at least equivalent efficacy as empirical antifungal therapy in neutropenic children with acute leukemia. However ITZA is associated with significantly less toxicity in clinical and molecular aspects.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 1985

To investigate the susceptibility and resistance in case of simultaneous administrations of Lactobacilli and Clostridia prekparations with antituberculosis agents and antibiotics, five strains of Lactobacilli, i.e., Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. casei, L. helveticus, L. acidophilus, L. sporogenes, and Clostridium butyricum were isolated from commercially available preparation. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of nine antituberculosis agents and 21 antibiotics against these strains were determined. The results shwoed that these strains were very sensitive only to rifampicin among antituberculosis agents, and sensitive to other antibiotics. Since the simultaneous oral administration of rifampicin and other antibkiotics with these sensitive strains is ineffective, development of new resistant mutants is desirable.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2011

New type of 5-fluorobenzimidazole derivatives was synthesized through the reaction of 4-fluoro-5-(2,6-dimethylmorpholinyl)-2-aminoaniline with 5-nitro-2-furoic acid and 5-methoxy-3-chlorobenzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid in presence of PPA and treatment of $OH^-$. the resulting substituted 5-fluorobenzimidazole derivatives(6), (7) was characterized by high solubility in common polar organic solvents. We considered 5-fluorobenzimidazole derivatives were useful especially for antifungal drugs. These results are discussed from the viewpoints of the chemical and physical structures of the 5-fluorobenzimidazole derivatives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.201-203
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• 2009

RGBY LED PKG를 이용하여 무대 사용을 위한 100W 급 LED 조명기구를 설계하고 무대에 적용하였을 때의 조명 환경을 예측, 분석 하였다. 이를 위하여 색온도 및 광색가변에 적합한 4 in 1 LED Package를 선정하고, 이를 이용하여 광원모듈을 구성하였으며, 또한 무대조명에 적용하기 위한 렌즈를 제작하였다. 이러한 LED 조명기구를 또한 무대조명에 적용하여 조명상황을 시뮬레이션 하고 무대 또는 객석에서의 평균조도 및 조도균제도 등을 계산하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.71-71
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• 1998

수산용 향균제로 널리 사용되고 있는 옥소린산의 잔류량의 전북지역에서 시판중인 뱀장어 근육조직에서 측정하였다. 후배부 근육중의 옥소린산 잔류량은 시료에 따라 많은 차이가 있었으며 32%의 시료에서는 검출되지 않았다. 옥소린산이 검출된 시료중 16%에서는 그 농도가 0.1pm 이상이었다. 중요 장기중이 옥소린산 농도는 신장>간장>혈장>근육의 순이었다. 근육중의 옥소린산은 10분 가열에 의해 거의 감소되지 않았으며 30분 가열에 의해서는 원래 농도의 50%수준으로 감소하였으나 30분 가열 후의 시료는 심하게 탄화되었다. 고용량의 옥소린산을 실험실적으로 뱀장어에 투여하여 얻은 근육중의 농도나 수용액중의 옥소린산이 가열에 의해 파괴되는 경향을 검토함으로써 옥소린산의 열안정성이 확인되었다. 이 연구 결과는 뱀장어 소비자를 옥소린산 섭취로 부터 보호할 수 있는 규제의 강화가 필요함을 시사한다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-111
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• 1972

The study is carried out in laboratory to investigate fungicidal activity of Dithane M-45 as a seed treatant. For use in rice seed, Dithane M-45 is more effective fungicide than organic mercuric compounds. The adequate concentration of Dithane M-45 is 1000 ppm and about 6 hours is proper duration to control seed borne pathogen on rice. Dithane M-45, however, is not good enough to control Fusarium spp. in various concentration levels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.550-556
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• 1998

In order'to reduce loss of shrimp productivity by viral diseases on the cultured shrimp, we were develope the effective shrimp virus control system. Virus is inactivated by above 5 ppm of chloride and treatment of 50% fresh water. Mortality of infected shrimp is decreased by feeding of immunostimulants such as peptidoglycan and schizophyllan. Mg(OH)$_2$ was one of improvement agents which have best effect on pH, ignition loss(IL), chemical oxidation demand(COD) and total sulfide of water and sediment of shrimp farm.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 1993

Eight new derivatives of allylamine which are related to naftifine and expected to have antifungal activity were synthesized. Schiff base 2a-2d and 2'e-2'h were obtained by conventional methods using trans-cinnamylamine or trans-cinnamaldehyde. The reduction of azomethine linkage with NaBH$_{4}$ yielded secondary amine 3a-3h, which were then methylated by means of HCHO and excess NaBH$_{4}$ or HCOOH to give 4a-4h.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.5 s.92
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• pp.418-423
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• 2006

이 사례연구는 누수가 있었던 고층 아파트의 공기중 진균 오염 실태를 조사하고, 이를 개선하기 위해 취해진 복원방법의 효과를 평가하기 위해 실시하였다. 공기중 진균은 주로 엔더슨 샘플러를 사용하여 측정하였다. 누수가 있었던 아파트의 복원 전 공기중 진균 농도는 매우 높았다(평균: $51,000\;cfu/m^{3}$, 기하평균: $40,163\;cfu/m^{3}$). 고농도의 오존처리와 오염된 벽체 철거 후 공기중 진균 농도는 상대적으로 매우 낮아졌으며(평균: $1,118\;cfu/m^{3}$, 기하평균: $899\;cfu/m^{3}$), 제거효율은 96.3%로 나타났다. 철거되지 않고 남아 있던 인근 벽체의 벽지를 제거하고 살진균제 처리를 실시한 결과, 공기중 진균 농도는 상대적으로 안전한 수준까지 낮아졌으며(평균: $95\;cfu/m^{3}$, 기하평균: $88\;cfu/m^{3}$), 제거효율은 99.7 %로, 나타났다. 결론적으로, 누수가 있었던 아파트의 공기중 진균 농도는 매우 높은 상태로 오염이 심한 상태이었으나, 본 연구에서 적용한 복원방법들은 공기중 진균 농도 저감에 있어서 매우 높은 효율을 나타냈다.