• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_4
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• pp.1153-1166
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial correlation between the heat distribution map of the satellite imaging base and the factors that deepen the heat wave, and to explore the heat concentration area and the space where the risk of future heat wave may increase. The global Moran's I of population, land use, and buildings, which are the causes of heat concentration and heat wave deepening, is found to be high and concentrated in specific spaces. According to the analysis results of local Moran's I, heat concentration areas appeared mainly in large cities such as metropolitan and metropolitan areas, and forests were dominant in areas with relatively low temperatures. Areas with high population growth rates were distributed in the surrounding areas of Gyeonggi-do, Daejeon, and Busan, and the use of land and buildings were concentrated in the metropolitan area and large cities. Analysis by Bivarate Local Moran's I has shown that population growth is high in heat-intensive areas, and that artificial and urban building environments and land use take place. The results of this research can lead to the ranking of heat concentration areas and explore areas with environments where heat concentration is concentrated nationwide and deepens it, so ultimately it is considered to contribute to the establishment of preemptive measures to deal with extreme heat.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.147-158
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• 2010

Studies on the distribution of traffic demands have been proceeding by providing traffic information for reducing greenhouse gases and reinforcing the road's competitiveness in the transport section, however, since it is preferentially required the extensive studies on the driver's behavior changing routes and its influence factors, this study has been developed a discriminant model for changing routes considering driving conditions including traffic conditions of roads and driver's preferences for information media. It is divided into three groups depending on driving conditions in group classification with the CART analysis, which is statistically meaningful. And, elements of the driving conditions and the preferred media affecting the change of paths are classified into statistical meaningful groups through the CHAID analysis, and the major factors affecting the change of paths are examined. Finally, the extent that driving conditions and preferred media affect a route change is examined through a discriminant analysis, and it is developed a discriminant model equation to predict a route change. As a result of building the discriminant model equation, it is shown that driving conditions affect a route change much more, the entire discriminant hit ratio is derived as 64.2%, and this discriminant equation shows high discriminant ability more than a certain degree.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-309
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• 2005

The community structure of meiobenthos was studied in the sediment of Kongfjorden, Spitsbergen of Svalbard Island in the Arctic Sea. Samples of meiobenthos were collected in August, 2003. Meiobenthic organisms were collected by SCUBA and van veen grab or acryl sub-corers 34mm in internal diameter, and were taken from upper sediment to a depth of 3cm at each station. A total of 26 meiofaunal groups were found in the sediment of Spitsbergen in Svalbard Island. Nematodes were the most dominant faunal group. Sarcomastigophorans, benthic harpacticoids, and nauplius larvae of crustaceans, were also important components of the meiobenthic community of Kongsfjorden. All of these low faunal groups were comprised of more than 90% of total meiobenthos at every station. The total density of meiobenthos at each station was highest at station MeG 6 $(3,583{\pm}1,137inds./10cm^2)$, and lowest at station $MeG9(28{\pm}1inds./10cm^2)$. Meiobenthos in general showed the highest density in the upper 1cm layer. This may be associated with food and oxygen supply to subsurface. Harpacticoids showed extreme preference at the surface and little presence in layers deeper than 2cm. These animals may be less resistant to oxygen deficiency, and nauplius also showed the same trend. However, in St. MeG 8 and 9, meiobenthos were dense at depths of more than 0-1cm, at especially at depths of 2-3m because of relatively easy penetration of oxygen. Based on the results of cluster analysis, three meiobenthos assemblages were distinguished: one was in the outer and two were in the inner fjord. Station SCU 5 was grouped with the meiobenthos assemblage located in the outer fjord. The outer ford community was characterised by : 1) a relatively low mean number of meiobenthos taxa, 2) a relatively high density of harpacticods and nauplius. One of the inner ford communities (a group of four nation: MeG 2, 3, 8, 9) was in the proximity of the glaciers. Specifically, it was characterised by : 1) a low mean number of meiobenthos taxa, 2) a low density. The other inner ford community was characterised by both a high density and great mean number of meiofaunal taxa.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2003

A phylogenetic analysis of bacterial populations inhabiting soil derived from serpentine was conducted. The samples were collected from adjacent metamorphic rocks and serpentinite soil at Kwangcheon. The pH of the serpentine areas ranged from 8.5 to 9.2. The number of bacteria on the DAL medium which was diluted with $10^{-2}$ of AL medium was 10~100 fold higher than that from the full strength of AL medium, and which indicates that oligotrophs are distributed in the serpentinite soil. Of a total of 76 isolates, 42 isolates were oligotrophic bacteria, which grew only on the DAL medium. Based on a phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences, these isolates are found to fall within five major phylogenetic groups: proteobacteria $\alpha$-subdivision (3 strains), $\alpha$-subdivision (7 strains), $\gamma$-subdivision (2 trains); high G+C gram-positive bacteria (19 strains); low G+C grampositive bacteria (14 strains). Bacteria of the genus Streptomyces (high G+C division) and Bacillus (low G+C division) have been considered to form a numerically important fraction of serpentinite soil. Oligotrophic strains categorized as Afipia ($\alpha$-subdivision), Ralstonia, Variovorax ($\beta$-subdivision), Pseudomonas ($\gamma$ -subdivision), Arthrobacter (high G+C division), and Streptomyces (low G+C division).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.28-41
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• 2020

This study selects two linear parks representing each culture and reveals the differences between them using a visitor survey as small data and social media analytics as big data based on the three components of the model of landscape perception. The 606 in Chicago, U.S., and the Gyeongchun Line in Seoul, Korea, are representative parks built on railroads. A total of 505 surveys were collected from these parks. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and linear regression. Also, more than 20,000 tweets which mentioned two linear parks respectively were collected. By using those tweets, the authors conducted the clustering analysis and draw the bigram network diagram for identifying and comparing the placeness of each park. The result suggests that more diverse design concept links to less diversity in behavior; that half of the park users use the park as a shortcut; and that same physical exercise provides different benefits depending on the park. Social media analysis showed the 606 is more closely related to the neighborhoods rather than the Gyeongchun Line Forest. The Gyeongchun Line Forest was a more event-related place than the 606.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.42-58
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to classify types of urban flower landscape. As a result of the study, first, through literature and case review, it was found that the four elements of place element, form element, natural element, artificial element, should be included in the sentence and key expression for defining the concept of flower landscape. In contemplating these four elements, a newly reconstructed concept of flower landscape was presented. This is expected to be the basis for the flower landscape integration theory. Second, flower landscape was defined as a genre and a unit of urban landscape. In addition, in order to build a system of flower landscape as a specialized area, after considering the concept, characteristics, and functions of a large category of urban landscape, its hierarchical categories with flower landscape were newly arranged. Thus, the flower landscape as an urban landscape was suggested. Third, in order to provide rational selection materials to consumers through type classification, related theories were investigated by expanding not only to the flower field, but also to the urban planning and urban ecology fields. 41 elements for the type classification were extracted, and 4 core elements were derived through the clustering process. Based on the 4 elements as the classification criteria, through the opinion verification from the FGI with experts, 9 types of middle-classification and 30 types of small-classification were derived. As a follow-up research suggestion, if a valid type is additionally established through a monitoring in the type application process, and more specified application types are developed and organized by expanding second-level classification hierarchy to the third-level hierarchy, this will lead to great studies improving the system of the types.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

In a column experiment with low rank coal, rice straw was additionally supplied to induce methane gas generation by microorganisms in the state of supplying microorganisms and nutrients, and long-term biogas production characteristics were observed. When the weight ratio of the rice straw to coal was 0.04 or less, there was no significant gas generation. At 0.08, the biogas was generated for about 90 days. However, the methane gas generation was only 5% compared with the vial test result at optimum condition. Therefore, in order to produce biogas in the coal deposit in situ, a reactor that operates at COD concentration of 2000 mg/L or more at a ratio of 1:3 or more of rice straw to coal should be installed on the ground or under the ground. Liquid from the column filled with coal and rice straw and a liquid from vial containing rice straw were analyzed by microbial community analysis using pyrosequencing method, and compared the dominant microbial species among the two samples. In terms of the uniformity and diversity of the bacteria, the coal-filled column showed various species distribution, which has shown to be a disadvantageous microbial distribution to methane production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2003

The spatio-temporal distribution and seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton community were carried out in the Southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay of the Korean South Sea from July 1997 to January 1998. A total of 60 species of phytoplankton belonging to 41 genera was identified. In the southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay seasonal succession in dominant species; Eucampia zodiacus, and Chaetoceros spp. in summer, Nitzschia longissima, Chaetoceros curvisetus and Bacillaria paxillifera in autumn, Skeletonema costatum and B. paxillifera in winter, were very predominant. The community structure of phytoplankton in the southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay appeared to be diverse in species composition, and diatoms were most dominant through the year. Phytoplankton standing crops fluctuated with an annual mean of $1.2{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ between the lowest value of $8.0{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$ in January and the highest value of $6.9{\times}10^5$cells $L^{-1}$ by Nitzschia longissima in January. Densities of the phytoplankton cell number by the samples of the southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay ranged from $1.1{\times}10^4$ cells $L^{-1}$ to $1.3{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ with the mean value of $4.1{\times}10^4$ cells $L^{-1}$ in summer, from $1.0{\times}10^4$ cells $L^{-1}$ to $6.9{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ with mean of $1.8{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ in autumn, from $8.0{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$ to $4.6{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ with mean $1.6{\times}10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$ in winter. That is to say, phytoplankton standing crops was high in low temperature seasons, while low in high temperature seasons. Chlorophyll a concentration fluctuated between 1.08 mg $m^{-3}$ and 21.6 mg $m^{-3}$ in January. In the southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay temporal change in chl-a concentration was not apparent. But chl-a concentration was high during a year. Therefore, phytoplankton production in the southwestern parts of Deukryang Bay could be very high year-round.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.489-508
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• 2018

As climate changes, it is necessary to predict changes in the habitat environment in order to establish more aggressive adaptation strategies. The bioclimatic classification which clusters of areas with similar habitats can provide a useful ecosystem management framework. Therefore, in this study, biological habitat environment of Northeast Asia was identified through the establishment of the bioclimatic zones, and the impac of climate change on the biological habitat was analyzed. An ISODATA clustering was used to classify Northeast Asia (NEA)into 15 bioclimatic zones, and climate change impacts were predicted by projecting the future spatial distribution of bioclimatic zones based upon an ensemble of 17 GCMs across RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for 2050s, and 2070s. Results demonstrated that significant changes in bioclimatic conditions can be expected throughout the NEA by 2050s and 2070s. The overall zones moved upward, and some zones were predicted to be greatly expanded or shrunk where we suggested as regions requiring intensive management. This analysis provides the basis for understanding potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem. Also, this could be used more effectively to support decision making on climate change adaptation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2013

For video reality improvement, there has been much advancement in the methods of providing visual, auditory, and tactile information. On the other hand, there is little research on olfaction for video reality because it is difficult to define and knotty to manipulate. As a first step for video reality improvement using olfactory information, this research investigated users' acceptability of smell when they watch videos of various kinds and then classified the video clips based on their acceptability of different criteria. To do so, we first selected three questions of whether the scene in the video appears to have an odor (odor presence), whether a matching odor is likely to improve a sense of reality (effect on sense of reality), and whether s/he would like a matching odor to be present (preference for the matching odor). Then after collecting 51 video clips of various genres that would receive either high or low ratings for the questions above, we had participants to watch the videos and rate them for the above three questions on 7-point scale. For video classification, we paired each two questions to construct 2D space to draw scatterplot of video clips where the scales of the two questions represent X or Y axis. Clusters of video clips that locate at different quadrants of the 2D space would provide important insights in providing olfactory information for video reality improvement.