• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.792-802
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• 2022

In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Sophora japonica extracts were investigated to determine the potential of S. japonica as a functional food and medicinal materials. S. japonica was divided into flowers, fruits, and branches, and ethanol extraction was used. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in the flower and fruit extracts than in the branch extracts, but the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ORAC value were higher in the branch extracts. Among the ethanol extracts of S. japonica, branch extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the MIC was 0.2 mg/ml. Branch extracts showed bacteriostatic activity against P. gingivalis at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml or less and bactericidal activity at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml or more. Biofilm biomass production and cell growth of P. gingivalis in the culture medium treated with the branch extract at a concentration of 0.2-2.0 mg/ml were significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the mRNA expression of fimA and mfa1 associated with fimbriae formation in these cultures was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, S. japonica branch extracts can be used as functional food and medicinal materials, as demonstrated by their antioxidant and antibacterial activities against P. gingivalis and the inhibition of biofilm formation resulting from P. gingivalis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2002

Antioxidative effect of 42 medicinal plant extracts was screened to search natural antioxidants. The extracts of Terminalia chebula, Caesalpinia sappan, Sanguisorba officinalis, Rubus coreanus, and Alpinia katsumadai showed strong inhibition effect on DPPH radical, and LDL oxidation. Those of Eugenia caryophyllata, Alpinia officinarum, Zingiber officinale, Xanthium strumarium, Sophora japonica, Aristolochia contorta, and Alpinia katsumadai exhibited potent antioxidative activity on linoleic acid peroxidation. Among 42 medicinal plant materials, the extract of Terminalia chebula showed the highest scavenging activity $(3.08\;{\mu}g/ml)$ on DPPH radical which was higher than that $(13.52\;{\mu}g/ml)$ of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. The extract of Terminalia chebula showed also stronger inhibition activity on LDL oxidation than that of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ did.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.49
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• pp.49-63
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• 1999

This research utilized the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS) and the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in the analysis of chemical elements present among the textiles exhumed from Kupori Hwasung-kun Kyunggi-do. The two research objectives were: first to examine the elements present and their percent presence in Kupori samples: second to investigate whether the elements are part of mordant substances which could have been used when dyeing the KUpori textiles in the past. To meet such research purposes standard silk fabric was dyed with Sophorajaponica using alum and iron mordants. For alum mordant unpurified general alum and potassium aluminum sulfate(AlK(SO4)2). iron sulfate(FeSO4·7H2O) were used, From the results of EDS and ICP-Mass analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1 According to the EDS analysis 9 elements Ca, S, Al, Si, K, Fe, P, Mg and Na were detected. 2. ICP-Mass result of the mordant chemicas showed high amount of A, Al and k present in alum mordants and S and Fe present in iron mordants. 3. Comparison of the ICP-Mass results of the mordant chemicals and those of the standard dyed samples suggested that the amount presence of Al and Fe is a strong indication of the usage of alum and iron mordants respecticely in an unknown dyed textile. 4, In the washed Kupori textiles Fe showed a relatively higher rate of presence in the samples Therefore it can be conjectured that those Kupori textiles were dyed with iron mordant based on the result of the above number 3. 5. It is probable that the other elements detected from the Kupori samples were incorporated into the textiles as part of the soil debris produced from the degradation of the dead within the coffin or the earth debris. They can also be part of the inorganic compounds inherent in the silk textiles themselves before dyed. 6. Among the elements it is likely that Ca which showed a high degree of presence among the unwashed samples was part of the inorganic compound inferent in the silk textiles.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.620-624
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• 2016

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is mandatory in adipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the applicability of functional materials for the treatment of obesity by examining Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter activity related to adipocyte differentiation inhibiting with korean native plant extracts. The luciferase activity of HEK 293-TOP cells increased the reporter activity approximately 152% and 130% by treatment with Sanguisorba officinalis and Thuja orientalis, respectively. Ricinus communis were represented about 90% higher activity, two samples(Rosa rugosa and Sophorae Flos) showed 80% higher activity than the control. Three samples of plant extracts (Zanthoxylum piperitum, Pueraria thunbergiana, Solanum nigrum) were about 70% higher activity compared with the non-treated control. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts was not detected in the rat neural stem cells. These results suggest that the selected eight plant extracts are safe compounds. Our findings indicate that Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter activity could be used for high throughput screening system. In addition, the plant extracts selected as candidates for adipocyte differentiation inhibiting may be potential therapeutic agents for obesity, it will be exploring the possibility of developing an anti-obesity materials through further experiments with selected plant extracts.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2005

Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2013

Sophorae Flos (SF), a composite of flowers and flower-buds of Sophora japonica, has long been used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicines for the treatment of hemostasis and inflammation. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effect of four EtOH extracts at the difference in blooming stages of flowers on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. We classified the flowers of Sophora japonica with SF-1 (length of flower is shorter than calyx), SF-2 (length of calyx is shorter than flower), SF-3 (full bloom), and SF-4 (not blooming at all). We examined HPLC analysis, whether quercetin and rutin are major component of these Sophorae Flos extracts or not. As a result, SF-1 contained quercetin, but the others did not. In addition, quercetin, SF-1, and SF-4 act on the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation in RAW264.7 cells. Of these, SF-1 showed the best anti-inflammatory effect. These results suggest that Sophorae Flos with the highest content of quercetin would be used for the treatment of various inflammation diseases.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Objectives: The enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the processing methods that improve its effectiveness on medicinal herbs. In this research, changes in ingredients and activity by enzymatic hydrolysis were studied. Methods: For this study, a carbohydrate hydrolase such as viscozyme, which converts glycosides to aglycone, was applied to induce constituent changes in Sophora japonica Linne, Houttuynia cordata Thunberg and Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn. Changes in antioxidant activity were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) method, and changes in ingredients were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: As a result of enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of quercetin was increased from 1.26 mg/g to 29.66 mg/g in Sophora japonica Linne, from 0 mg/g to 0.66 mg/g in Houttuynia cordata Thunberg and from 0.43 mg/g to 0.71 mg/g in Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn. As a result of the antioxidant experimentation, the IC₅₀ of Sophora japonica Linne decreased from 5 ug/ml (MeOH extract) and 9.1 ug/ml (EtOAc fraction) to 3.0 ug/ml, Houttuynia cordata Thunberg decreased from 15.6 ug/ml (MeOH extract) and 13.6 ug/ml (EtOAc fraction) to 11.2 ug/ml, and Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn decreased from 14.4 ug/ml (MeOH extract) and 12.6 ug/ml (EtOAc fraction) to 10.2 ug/ml. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was confirmed that glycoside rutin contained in the three medicinal herbs was changed to quercetin which is the aglycone, by the enzymatic hydrolysis using viscozyme. In terms of antioxidant activity, Sophora japonica Linne showed a significant antioxidant activity value that closes to the control group butylated hydroxyanisole. Houttuynia cordata Thunberg and Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn showed a minor increase in antioxidant activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2015

Objectives : In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant activities and the inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage of ethyl acetate fractions extracted from Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus. Methods : Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus were extracted with methanol(MeOH) and divided to Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate(EtOAC) and Water fraction. The antioxidant activities were conducted by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating assay and Reducing power assay. The inhibitory effect of DNA damage were characterized on ${\varphi}$ X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. In addition, we analyzed the Total phenol contents and the Vitamin C contents of Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus. Results : The results of DPPH were 92.71% and 94.72%, ABTS were 87.16% and 62.44%, and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating were 95.81% and 85.11% at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus respectively. The Sophorae Flos showed stronger effect than Sophorae fructus in Reducing Power assay. Total phenol content was 111.77 mg/g and 122.54 mg/g, and Vitamin C content was 2.59 mg/g and 3.03 mg/g. Also both Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus have inhibitory antioxidant effect on ${\varphi}$ X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. Conclusions : Over all, this study suggests that Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus can be used as not only effective antioxidant but also natural medicine.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.219-234
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• 2014

Fabrics, natural dyed fabrics, papers, natural dyed papers and paints were examined effects of colors and mechanical properties for materials of museum collections under anoxic treatment. Anoxic conditions using nitrogen and argon were oxygen concentration 0.01%, temperature($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$), 50% RH and exposure time 30 days. Examined fabrics were raw silk fabric, UV irradiated raw silk fabric, degummed silk fabric, UV irradiated degummed silk fabric, cotton fabric, and UV irradiated cotton fabric. Natural dyed silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with fresh indigo, indigo, safflower, gromwell, madder sappanwood, amur cork tree, turmeric, gardenia, barberry root, pagoda tree flower, cochineal, lac, alnus japonica, gallnut, chestnut shell, and combination(indigo and safflower, indigo and amur cork tree, indigo and pagoda tree flower, indigo and sappanwood). Papers were Korean papers(mulberry paper, mulberry(70%) and rice straw(30%) mixed paper), Japanese paper(gampi paper), cotton paper, refined linen paper, cotton, linen & manila mixed fibre furnish, copy paper, news print, and alum sized mulberry paper. Natural dyed papers were dyed with indigo, sappanwood, madder, safflower, gardenia, amur cork tree, and pagoda tree flower. Paints were painted on alum-sized papers and silk fabrics using glue and pigments(azurite, malachite, cinnabar, vermilion, orpiment, gamboge, red lead, haematite, iron oxide red, indigo(lake), lac, cochineal, safflower, madder root lake, celadonite, smalt, ultramarine blue, lapis lazuli, prussian blue, kaolin, lead white, oyster-shell white, and clam-shell white). The color differences(${\Delta}E^*$) of all examined materials were below 1.5 or lowered than control samples after anoxic treatment. The variations of tenacity of yarns of fabrics and natural dyed fabrics after anoxic treatment were within that of standard silk and cotton fabrics. Gases(nitrogen and argon) and temperatures of anoxic treatment did not also affected color differences and variations of tenacity of materials.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.171-180
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Flos Sophora japonica as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Flos Sophora japonica a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 67.76%, 19.87%, 4.61% and 7.76%. And the calories of Flos Sophora japonica Linne was 318.32 Kcal. Total dietary fiber was 25.35% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.80 % and 23.56 %, respectively. The protein were contained total 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of non-essential and essential amino acids were 4,898.78mg and 5,953.51mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Flos Sophora japonica Linne is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 29.69%, 34.93% and 35.38%. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Flos Sophora japonica Linne was higher than that of any other plant, which suggest that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 22.60%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Flos Sophora japonica Linne were 3.9 ${\mu}$g which is comparable to 1233.0 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Flos Sophora japonica Linne were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that follow up study of Flos Sophora japonica Linne through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.