• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.81-82
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• 2011

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.561-568
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• 2013

The copper mineralization in Peru is intimately associated with porphyry Cu deposits and subdivides into three porphyry Cu belt as Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene, and Miocene. Up to now, the total copper production from them reach 28 Mt Cu. The total copper production from the Paleocene Cu belt, including Toquepala, Cuajone, and Cerro Verde, accounts for approximately 57% of total copper production from Peru. But focusing mineral exploration on middle southern (Eocene-Oligocene) and northwestern part (Miocene) of Peru results in new discoveries, including La Granja, El Galeno, Las Bambas, Toromocho, and Rio Blanco, which have an estimated annual production more than 200,000 t Cu. In addition to them, thirteen Cu deposits are discovered from the Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene, and Miocene Cu belts. Thus, Peru is supposed to produce Cu production from 2014 and increases annual production from 143 Mt Cu in 2012 to 490 Mt Cu in 2019. Due to new discoveries, it is expected that mineral exploration activities in Peru are likely to move from Paleocene Cu belt to Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene Cu belts.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.781-797
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• 2023

Recently, there has been a rapid response from mineral-demanding countries for securing critical minerals in a high tech industries. Graphite, while overwhelmingly dominated by China in production, is changing in global supply due to the exponential growth in EV battery sector, with active exploration in East Africa. Rare earth elements are essential raw materials widely used in advanced industries. Globally, there are ongoing developments in the production of REEs from three main deposit types: carbonatite, laterite, and ion-adsorption clay types. While China's production has decreased somewhat, it still maintains overwhelming dominance in this sector. Recent changes over the past few years include the rapid emergence of Myanmar and increased production in Vietnam. Nickel has been used in various chemical and metal industries for a long time, but recently, its significance in the market has been increasing, particularly in the battery sector. Worldwide, nickel deposits can be broadly classified into two types: laterite-type, which are derived from ultramafic rocks, and ultramafic hosted sulfide-type. It is predicted that the development of sulfide-type, primarily in Australia, will continue to grow, while the development of laterite-type is expected to be promoted in Indonesia. This is largely driven by the growing demand for nickel in response to the demand for lithium-ion batteries. The global lithium ores are produced in three main types: brine lake (78%), rock/mineral (19%), and clay types (3%). Rock/mineral type has a slightly higher grade compared to brine lake type, but they are less abundant. Chile, Argentina, and the United States primarily produce lithium from brine lake deposits, while Australia and China extract lithium from both brine lake and rock/mineral sources. Canada, on the other hand, exclusively produces lithium from rock/mineral type. Vanadium has traditionally been used in steel alloys, accounting for approximately 90% of its usage. However, there is a growing trend in the use for vanadium redox flow batteries, particularly for large-scale energy storage applications. The global sources of vanadium can be broadly categorized into two main types: vanadium contained in iron ore (81%) produced from mines and vanadium recovered from by-products (secondary sources, 18%). The primary source, accounting for 81%, is vanadium-iron ores, with 70% derived from vanadium slag in the steel making process and 30% from ore mined in primary sources. Intermediate vanadium oxides are manufactured from these sources. Vanadium deposits are classified into four types: vanadiferous titanomagnetite (VTM), sandstone-hosted, shale-hosted, and vanadate types. Currently, only the VTM-type ore is being produced.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.767-785
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• 2021

World-class magnesite deposits are developed in the Dashiqiao mineralized district of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in China. This belt extends to the northern side of the Korean Peninsula and hosts major magnesite deposits in the Dancheon region of North Korea. Magnesite ores from the Pailou deposits in the Dashiqiao district is classified into pure magnetite, chlorite-magnetite, chlorite-talc-magnetite, and dolomite groups depending on the constituent minerals. According to the result of petrographic study, magnesite was formed by the alteration of dolomite, and, talc, chlorite, and apatite were produced as late-stage alteration minerals that replaced the magnesite. Fluid inclusions observed in magnesite are a liquid-type inclusion, with a homogenization temperature of 121-250 ℃ and a salinity of 1.7-22.4 wt% NaCl equiv. The chlorite geothermometer, indicating the temperature of hydrothermal alteration, is 137~293 ℃, slightly higher than the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and the pressure is calculated to be less than 3.2 kb. For magnesite mineralization in the study area, the initially formed-dolomite was subjected to replacement by Mg-rich fluid to form a magnesite ore body, and then it was enriched through regional metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. It seems that altered minerals such as talc were crystallized by Si and Al-rich late-stage hydrothermal fluids. These results are similar to the genetic environments of the Daeheung deposit, a representative magnesite deposit in North Korea, and it is believed that the two deposits went through a similar geological and ore genetic process of magnesite mineralization.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.665-676
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• 1996

Domestic metal mines have contributed to the national industrialization of Japan for over a century through their stable supply of raw materials. However, due to the changes which have taken place in the industries structure, mining industry has been shifted to downstream industries. At present, only three major mines are in production. In recent times, changing economic conditions have made it increasingly difficult to develop new base metal mines. Subsequently, the deposit type targeted has shifted from base metals to epithermal associated gold deposits which, if of sufficient grade and tonnage, can be economical. Accompanying the dramatic rise in the price of gold during the late 1970's, has been an increase in the geological information and our understanding of epithermal gold deposits around the Pacific rim region. In particular, the common acceptance of the plate tectonic theory and the correlation's between modem geothermal systems and fossil epithermal systems were most important developments. In 1988, the Mining Council authorized the domestic exploration of 19 districts, targeting epithermal gold mineralization. Since 1989 the Metal Mining Agency of Japan, semi-government organization, has been conducted gold exploration in such area. With new genetic concepts and new technologies, promising gold mineralization has been discovered. Two such areas which are at an advanced stage of exploration are Seta, in northern Hokkaido, and Noya, in central Kyushu.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.127-146
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• 1979

Though tungsten minerals have been mined for over fifty years in Korea, which has become one of the worlds largest tungsten producers since 1951, knowledge of their mineralogy and geochemistry is somewhat limited to the school of tungsten students. There is a considerable amount of literature throughout the world on the tungsten mineralogy, the geochemical behaviour of tungsten, the nature of tungsten deposits and geological environments for tungsten mineralisation. Commonly known tungsten minerals such as scheelite and wolframite belong to one of two series, the scheelite or the wolframite series, as the primary tungsten minerals. Secondary tungsten minerals are known rather rare, however, some of them plays an important role-of exploration guide in search for tungsten deposits. The geochemistry of tungsten is imperfectly known, and apparently the behaviour of tungsten in geological processes has been the subject of few studies. Recently, some aspects of the fundamental geochemistry of tungsten has been worked out and compiled the data in broad the up to date by many authors. In order to facilitate the better understanding and future exploration of tungsten deposits, an attempt has been made to summarise the existing knowledge of the fundamental geochemistry of tungsten, together with its common geochemical association with various types of tungsten deposits.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 2009

Ores of the Jeonnam pyrophyllite province mainly consist of not only pyrophyllite but also kaolinite, and they usually contain minor amounts of muscovite and quartz. We usually call them as porcelaneous stones which usually show lower grade characteristics in the viewpoint of Korean nonmetallic industries. Mineralogical studies for the ores and their intimate formations revealed that another kind of clay minerals could have been produced from the volcanic sediments with similar ages and compositions. Corundum is commoner than the diaspore in the pyrophyllite deposits, and so diaspore can be regarded as one of temporary minerals from which corundum would be finally formed. Kaolinite deposits contain neither diaspore nor corundum, but alunites produced by an advanced argillic alteration are often observed in the upper portions of the kaolin ores. The lowest formation interbedded with pyrophyllite and/or kaolinite ores usually contain purple tuff bed on the uppermost part, and in ascending order, siliceous formation, fine ash tuff and lapillistone are found in the study areas. As ages are becoming younger, amounts of pyrophyllite and kaolinite are radically decreased, or disappeared completely. On the other hand, content of muscovite is slightly increased, and those of plagioclase feldspars and quartz are found to have been preserved from the original rocks during alteration process. Most of ore bodies show rather well bedded formations which are easily discernable in the outcrops, but more effective discremination is desirable where rather massive ores exist. Siliceous beds and purple tuff ones on the upper part of ore bodies would be useful as marker horizons or key beds which have distinct lithologies and extensions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 1987

연화(蓮花) 연(鉛) 아연광산(亞鉛鑛山)은 광체(鑛體)의 분포(分布)에 따라 본산지구(本山地區), 동점지구(銅店地區) 및 태백지구(太白地區)로 구분할 수 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 본격적인 탐광(探鑛)이 시작되기 전인 1981년 당시, 약 25년 동안 채광작업(採鑛作業)이 진행되어 온 본산지역(本山地域)은 주종광체(主宗鑛體)인 월암(月岩) 및 남산광체(南山鑛體)가 -600m level에서 하한(下限)이 드러남에 따라 광량(鑛量)이 크게 소진(消盡)된 상태였으며, 동점지성(銅店地城)은 상하(上下)의 광황변화(鑛況變化)는 크지 않으나 광체(鑛體)의 규모(規模)가 비교적 작아, 조업(操業)의 안정(安定)을 위해서는 신광화대(新鑛化帶)의 개발(開發)이 시급(時急)한 과제(課題)로 대두되었다. 이에 따라 평천(平川), 태백(太白), 동점역(銅店驛), 방터골, 삼방산광화대(三芳山鑛化帶) 등 연화(蓮花) 전역(全域)에 걸쳐 모암(母岩)의 분포(分布), 지질구조(地質構造), 광징(鑛徵) 등을 검토한 결과 탐광대상(探鑛對象)에서 제외되어 왔던 태백지구(太白地區)가 다음과 같은 점에서 유망(有望)한 탐사후보지(探査候補地)로 부각되었다. 첫째, 지표(地表)에서는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)이 분포(分布)되지 않으나 지질구조(地質構造)를 검토한 결과 -300m level 하부(下部)에서는 이의 전층(全層)이 분포(分布)할 것으로 예상되며, 둘째, 두무동층(斗務洞層) 및 동점규암층내(銅店珪岩層內)에서 발견된 광징(鑛徵)들이 하부(下部)의 풍촌석회암내(豊村石灰岩內)로 연장(延長)되면 부광부(富鑛部)를 이룰 것으로 기대되고, 셋째, 지층(地層)의 경사(傾斜)가 $50^{\circ}$ 이상(以上)인 점, 석영반암(石英斑岩)이 분포(分布)하는 점 등은 광상배태(鑛床胚胎)에 양호(良好)한 조건(條件)이고, 넷째, 본산지구(本山地區)의 월곡(月谷), 월암(月岩), 남산(南山)등 주종광화대(主宗鑛化帶)의 연장부(延長部)인 점, 다섯째, 중앙견갱(中央堅坑)으로부터 약 2km 거리로 탐사단계(探査段階)에 별도의 신규투자(新規投資) 없이 굴진(掘進)이 가능하다는 개발조건상(開發條件上)의 이점(利點)이 있었다. 이에 따라 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 지표정사(地表精査), 물리탐사(物理探査) 및 지화탐(地化探)을 실시하고, 20여년간 축적된 연화광산(蓮花鑛山)의 지질(地質), 광상자료(鑛床資料)를 정리(整理), 그 특성(特性)을 태백지구(太白地區) 탐사(探査)의 가설(假說)로 적용하여 시추계획(試錐計劃)을 수립, 1982년 구조시추(構造試錐)를 실시한 결과 지질구조(地質構造), 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)의 분포(分布) 등이 거의 예상했던 대로 밝혀졌으며 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 일단(一端)이 확인되기에 이르렀다. 1983년(年) 7월(月) 본산지구(本山地區) -600m level에서 태백(太白) 크로스 탐광굴진(探鑛掘進)이 착수되었으며, 1985년에 마침내 갱내(坑內)에서 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號) 광체(鑛體)가 착광(着鑛)되었다. -600m level에서의 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 규모(規模)는 연장(延長) 300m, 평균맥폭(平均脈幅) 8.5m이며, 품위(品位)는 Pb 4.5%, Zn 4.5%, Ag 109g/t이다. 태백광화대(太白鑛化帶)의 지질학적(地質學的) 예상광량(豫想鑛量)은 1,000만(萬)t 이상(以上)이 될 것으로 추정(推定)되며, 현재 -480m level에서 -720m level에 이르기까지 5개 level에서 가행(稼行)되고 있다. 현재 level에서 태백(太白) 1호(號) 광체(鑛體)는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層) 및 화절층(花折層)을 모암(母岩)으로 하여 맥상광상(脈狀鑛床)으로 생산(生産)되며, 맥석광물(脈石鑛物)은 능망간석, Mn-방해석(方解石), 방해석(方解石), 석영(石英) 등이고 광석광물(鑛石鑛物)은 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石), 방연석(方鉛石), 황철석(黃鐵石), 자유철석(磁硫鐵石), 유비광석(硫砒鑛石), 황동석(黃銅石), 사면동석(四面銅石), 엘렉트럼 등이다. 태백지구(太自地區)는 광상(鑛床)의 산출상태(産出狀態) 및 지질(地質), 광상학적(鑛床學的) 환경(環境)이 본산지구(本山地區)와 거의 동일(同一)함이 밝혀지고 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에서는 현재 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號), 3호(號), 5호(號) 및 절골 1호(號), 2호(號) 등 6개 광화대(鑛化帶)에 대한 탐광(探鑛)이 진행되고 있다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.73-87
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• 2009

Geophysical survey for unconformity-type uranium deposit applied to this study area in Athabaska Basin, Canada were carried out airborne TEM and magnetic, resistivity-induced polarization (DC-IP), puser seismic reflection and well-logging method. The results of airborne survey interpreted the lithological boundary, geological structures, and conductors. Also, these results decided to main targets for ground DC-IP survey. The Low resistivity and the high chargeability slices of 3D modeling interpreted from DC-IP survey response for conductors related to hydrothermal alteration zones and fault-controlled graphitic zones occurring at the unconformity-type uranium deposit, and they confirmed by diamond drilling. Seismic results interpreted to lake bottom surface, alluvium layer and intra-sandstone faults. We suggest the resonable field data acquisition of DC-IP method on the land or the lake in Athabaska Basin.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 1998

Self-potential, VLF-EM and dipole-dipole resistivity methods have been widely used for exploration of conductive sulfide ore deposit, because of the convenience and low cost of field work and the reliability of their results. The geophysical responses for vein-type sulfide outcrop of Changkoom mine located in Bukwi-Myon, Jinan-Gun, Chollabuk-Do were investigated and compared with its drilling results. The geology around the survey area is composed of acidic volcanics and sediments of Yuchon Group. And sulfides bearing pyrite, pyrrotite, galena etc. are deposited in disseminated or vein type within acidic volcanics. Typical geophysical responses were detected from the above vein type ore body, respectively. From the shape and extent of S.P. anomaly, ore body is dipping westward and extending about 50 m. It is detected that the VLF EM response matching the outline of ore zone is considered as indication of dyke dipping westward. And also resistivity response indicating conductive dipping dyke is detected. From drilling results for outcrop and geophysical anomalies, the shape of ore body is vein type dipping about $70^{\circ}W$ and extending about 50 m.