• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.511-518
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation between convergence insufficiency and concentration by evaluating attentiveness in children who have convergence insufficiency symptoms. Methods: The CISS survey and examination for the near point of convergence were conducted to 74 in children aged 12 to 13 years in order to divide them into a normal binocular vision (NBV) and a convergence insufficiency (CI) group. The attentiveness examination was used to all subjects to figure out their emotional problems, hyperactivity and impulsiveness problems, and managerial or functional problems with a 5-point scale. Correlation between convergence insufficiency-related symptoms included in CISS and attentiveness problems was analyzed. Results: there were 29 children (39.2%) in the CI group, the mean scores of CISS of the NBV and CI group were $5.91{\pm}3.69$ and $18.31{\pm}7.00$ each (p<0.001). On the survey of CISS symptoms, children in the CI group frequently expressed such symptoms as eye fatigue, loss of attentiveness, blurry vision, and forgetting the line they have been reading. In the attentiveness examination, the CI group ($74.83{\pm}9.83$) gained higher scores in problematic concentration than the NBV group ($46.80{\pm}11.30$). Convergence insufficiency had significantly positive correlation with total attentiveness (r=0.798). Conclusions: In elementary school students, it has been found that when perceived symptoms related with convergence insufficiency are more serious, problematic attentiveness gets serious, too.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2015

Acute maxillary sinusitis is a common disorder affecting children. Untreated acute sinusitis can develop into chronic sinusitis, and complications, such as orbital cellulitis or abscess, can occur. Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is not a well-recognized condition and is frequently missed in children. As an odontogenic source of sinusitis, the dentigerous cyst is one of the most prevalent types of odontogenic cysts, and it is associated with the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth. This report concerns a nine-year-old boy who was diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis originating from a dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth. The boy visited our pediatric clinic presenting with rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction and was initially diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis only. With antibiotic treatment, his symptoms seemed to improve, but after 2 months, he came to our clinic with left facial swelling with persistent rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Radiographic examinations of the sinuses were performed, and he was diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis originating from a dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth. After a surgical procedure involving the removal of the dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth, the symptoms of sinusitis gradually diminished. There are only very few cases in the pediatric medical literature that remind us that odontogenic origin can cause maxillary sinusitis in children. Our patient can act as a reminder to general pediatricians to include dentigerous cysts in the differential diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1972

저자는 18세부터 24세의 남녀 5명의 치근단병소가 있는 전치에 iodoform paste로 근관과잉충전을 한후 X-선상으로 그 흡수 현상을 관찰 하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론은 얻었다. 1) 비록 동종의 근관충전용 호제(paste)로 근관충전치료를 하였어도 각치아에서의 흡수율에는 큰 차이가 있었다. 2) 요도포름호제의 흡수율은 3,4주에서 보다 1,2주에서 더 빠르게 나타났다. 3) 치근관내에서의 흡수율은 상당히 느렸으며 2주후에 흡수가 나타난 예도 있었다. 4) 치료후 4주간에서는 확산성, 침윤성, 침윤성증상이 X-선상에 나타났으나 3개월후에는 뚜렷한 경계를 가진 병소부를 볼 수 있었으며, 치조골구조의 변화는 병소부의 주위에 신생골의 정밀한 증식으로 연속적인 백선이 형성된 것을 볼 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate depression, anxiety, alexithymia, stress res ponses in caregivers of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods : The subjects were 38 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients caregivers(38 women, mean age $37.5{\pm}6.5$). Patients were diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD criteria. Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS) and Stress Response Inventory(SRI) were used for assessment. Results 1) The BDI scores of ADHD patients caregiver group were significantly higher than control group$(16.4{\pm}7.1\;vs.\;10.9{\pm}5.5)(p=0.011)$. 7 of the 38 caregivers(18.4%) and none of control group(0%) had BDI scores over 20 points(p=0.021). Calculated relative risk for ADHD in the presence of caregivers' depression was 1.516 overall(95% confidence interval, 1.234-1.862). 2) In ADHD patient's caregiver group, the scores of Stress Response Inventory were significantly higher than control group$(44.2{\pm}20.2\;vs.\;26.5{\pm}16.8)(p=0.006)$. 3) No significant differences were found in the score of STAI, SIAIS, SIAI-T, TAS between caregiver and control group. Conclusion : This study suggest that ADHD patients' caregivers are likely to have more depressive symptoms and higher stress response level than control group. We propose that physicians should consider integrated approaches for caregiver's psychopathology in the management of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 2005

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in child psychiatry. The etiology or ADHD is not completely understood, but involved in genetical and/or neurocognitive deficits. This article reviews the current state of the literature pertaining to the neurodevelopmental aspects of ADHD. Although the neurodevelopment of ADHD remains unclear, emerging evidence documents its genetic and neurobiologic underpinnings. A pathophysiology of ADHD has not been fully characterized, although genetic, neurobiologic, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological studies of ADHD consistently implicates dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical network and abnormality in the dopaminergic and noradnergic systems. Furthermore some suggests that the timing of aberrant brain development in ADHD could be in early gestation and genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive. Although many studies provide evidences for the important or psychosocial or environmental adversities in ADHD, they may be not specific predictors of ADHD but nonspecific triggers of an underlying predisposition or modifiers of the course of disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2017

Objectives: Executive dysfunction including working memory deficit has been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of Cogmed working memory training on the symptoms and neurocognitive functions in medicated children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 7 to 19 years, taking ADHD medication participated in this study. The participants were trained for 5 weeks with a commercially available and computerized working memory program ($Cogmed^{(R)}$) without any changes to their medication. The Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and Comprehensive Attention Test were administered before training and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. Results: After completing the training, the clinical symptoms and function, rated by the parents and clinician, were improved. In addition, the level of commission errors was significantly reduced in the selective attention (visual/auditory) task, sustained attention to response task, and flanker task. The untrained visuospatial short-term memory and working memory were also improved. These effects were still observed 7 months after the training. Conclusion: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of the symptoms and deficits in working memory and response inhibition in medicated children with ADHD.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 1997

This experiments comparisons were conducted to establish the effective sap analytical method including quantitative analysis of nitrate and phosphorous, sap extraction method, extraction rate, macerating time and sampling position. Earl's Favorite muskmelon was sown on February 11th, 1993 and transplanted to rockwool slab when three to fourth true leaf appeared. Non-circulating system was employed in this experiment. Sap testing using a sample provides an immediate analysis of nutritional status of the crop and potential problems can be recognized and corrective measures taken. Some methods were recommended UV-spectroscopy for the analysis of nitrate nitrogen, Vanad molybdenium acid method for phosphorous. Optimal extraction rate of sample to water was determined as one to four and the best result observed at 60seconds in macerating duration. Further trials would be requested about sampling time due to the difference according to the sampling time. Given sampling position was favorable for the sap analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

Objectives : Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often comorbid with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric illnesses. When associated with other mental problems, the prognosis of the AUD can be more serious. This study shows research on the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics according to whether or not ADHD symptoms and AUD were comorbid. Methods : A total of 64 adult inpatients who completed AUD scales about adult ADHD, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. They also completed neuropsychological tests about attention and executive function. According to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale score, patients were categorized into two groups (ADHD symptom positive/negative group). Results : Fourteen among the 64 subjects were part of the ADHD symptom positive group (21.9%). They had statistically significant shorter abstinence periods and a higher rate of history of 'rule violation during school' and 'physical damage in childhood' compared to the ADHD symptom negative group. Conclusion : The comorbidity rate with ADHD symptom in adult AUD is higher than the general population. The ADHD symptom positive group suffered from more severe and refractory AUD. Considering the more frequent history of rule violation during school in the ADHD symptom positive group, the association between ADHD and AUD may be mediated by conduct disorder. Therefore we suggest the necessity of careful evaluation and intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD and conduct disorder.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.221-230
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether parenting stress is related to anxiety in children with ADHD. The data were provided by 112 children between the ages of 7 and 9. Forty nine children with a diagnosis of ADHD were recruited through 3 departments of child psychiatry and 63 normal children were recruited from elementary schools from the same city. The Korean version of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form was used to assess parenting stress and the Korean version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was used to assess the level of anxiety. The results show that children with ADHD have significantly higher levels of anxiety and parenting stress than normal children. However, no significant differences in parenting stress and anxiety were found across gender, age, and the type of ADHD. Significant correlation was found between trait anxiety and parental distress and between state anxiety and difficult child. Parenting stress didn't significantly influence on anxiety in children with ADHD. Occupational therapist need to consider that the anxiety level of children with ADHD is different from normal children. It is needed for interventions for children with anxiety symptoms and also consultation and intervention for parents with parenting stress.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.363-372
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• 2017

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common condition of childhood onset and is of significant educational and social concern in elementary school. Investigating the determinants of teachers' attitudes and behavior and their relative importance is crucial for improving teaching practices and initial teacher education for effective inclusion of ADHD children. Based on two hundred and twenty seven survey responses from elementary school teachers, having experienced in dealing with ADHD students, this paper examines the age, gender, career and training-hours effects on the knowledge, attitude, stress and inclusive education involving ADHD children. The regression analysis shows that the gender influences the level of stress and that the training hours has some impact on the knowledge about ADHD at 5% significance level. However, the number of ADHD children experienced, age, gender, career and training-hours were identified as the non-significant predictors of teaching behavior in relation to ADHD children. As a conclusion, a brief discussion concerning the critical needs of elementary school teachers is also presented.