• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.552-560
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• 2010

$GA_{4+7}$+BA, a plant growth regulator for induction of feathering in young apple tree and increasing fruit size, was applied by various methods on 'Gala'/M.9 apple trees in high density orchard for 4 years to investigate its effect on fruit and shoot growth. $GA_{4+7}$+BA($80-300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) increased fruit length, fruit weight, and L/D ratio regardless of application methods, but it did not affect soluble solid content, acidity, leaf area, and chlorophyll. Seed number was not affected by $GA_{4+7}$+BA application, however, more immature seeds was observed in treated 'Gala' fruit. Shoot growth was increased when spraying $GA_{4+7}$+BA at tree crown but not affected when spraying at fruit directly. More significant fruit growth was observed when $GA_{4+7}$+BA was applied on the fruits between late of May and early of June when fruit cell division ended; however, high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA resulted in lower fruit storability because of lower firmness. Hence, more attention should be paid when applying high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA to small sized fruit cultivars like 'Gala'.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.478-485
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• 2017

The effect of high carbon dioxide and ethylene treatment on postharvest ripening regulation of red kiwifruit (Actinidia melanandra) was investigated during cold storage. Physio-chemical properties such as weight loss, firmness, SSC, acidity, and market quality were analysed in red kiwifruit held at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to the fruit treated with carbon dioxide and ethylene during 75 days of storage. No significant weight loss was detected in red kiwifruit treated with carbon dioxide until 75 days of storage while the most rapid loss was found in fruit treated with ethylene. In ethylene-treated fruit, the firmness was dramatically reduced from 4.2kg on the first day to 1.2 kg after 27 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. However, the firmness of the carbon dioxide-treated fruit was 1.8kg after 54 days of storage. The highest level of SSC(%) was investigated within the 27 storage days at $10^{\circ}C$ for fresh red kiwifruit treated with exogenous ethylene, whereas the carbon dioxide-treated fruit exhibited a greatly increased SSC after 64 days. The carbon dioxide-treated red kiwifruit maintained statistically(p<.01) higher levels of acidity compared to the control and the exogenous ethylene-treated ones during 41 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. The SSC/Acid ratio of fruit treated with carbon dioxide was significantly lower (p<.01) maintained than the other two treatments (ethylene-treated and control fruit)throughout the 75-day experiment. Based on the quality characteristics of postharvest red kiwifruit, it could be concluded that the carbon dioxide treatment significantly delayed the ripening process and maintained the market quality of harvested red kiwifruit, which can be a potential application for commercial use in the kiwi industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

Korea Claim Adjustor Association(KCAA) defines the near pedestrian crossing accidents as those accidents that occurred in the area within 25m from pedestrian crossing on the arterial road and within 15m from pedestrian crossing on other classes of road. Accidents between pedestrian crossing and stop line are classified as the accident near pedestrian crossing. Reviewing of current statute and court precedent, three kinds of traffic accidents which are accidents occurred in the pedestrian crossing. near pedestrian crossing and the area between pedestrian crossing and stop line. should be distinguished by different pedestrian contributory negligence. To find out how different they are. we surveyed transportation society members about the contributory negligence of traffic accidents between pedestrian crossing and stop line and the results are as follows : (1) The current two classification of pedestrian crossing accidents and near pedestrian crossing accidents should be changed to three classification of pedestrian crossing accidents that includes accidents on pedestrian crossing, near pedestrian crossing and between pedestrian crossing and the stop line. (2) For the pedestrian's contributory negligence, the least reasonability to pedestrian is accident on the pedestrian crossing. The next one is the accident between pedestrian crossing and stop line and the last is the accident near pedestrian crossing. (3) Pedestrian contributory negligence for accident by space is recommended as 〈table 8〉, 〈table 9〉, 〈table 10〉. (4) Contributory negligence rate of the accident on the pedestrian crossing during red light should be modified to be less than that of near pedestrian crossing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.382-386
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• 2010

Fruit cracking of sweet cherry fruit due to rain near harvest is a major source of crop loss in the cherry industry. The objection of this study was to understand the sweet cherry fruit cracking. Depending on the year, the disorder is characterized by a cracking of the outside layer of the cherry skin, as called cuticle. The crackings were appeared around the stem end, where water could accumulate, but was also seen fruit side or apical end. The cracking was observed mostly in the fruit apical end in 2004 and around the stem end in the other years. It had more rainfall at early season of fruit growth, early May, in 2004 and 2006 compared to other years. Those years showed higher rates of the fruit cracking occurrence. The hypodermal layer was examined on cracking susceptible cultivar, 'Sato Nishiki' from young to mature fruit cuticle. The hypodermal layers of the stem end area were decreased by one to two layers and fruit apical end area was cracked as fruit development. When fruits were immersed in distilled water, the larger fruit (> 6 g) had more cracking ratio than smaller fruits (< 4.5 g).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the influences of winter and summer pruning on the yield and fruit quality in southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. hybrid) cv. 'Misty'. The 5-year-old southern highbush blueberry 'Misty' were used. The pruning treatments were as follows: 1) control (no pruning), 2) winter pruning (30% removed), and 3) winter pruning + summer pruning (Aug. 5). Fruits harvested for six times over the harvest season and measured yields, unmarketable fruit (defected and immature fruit), changes of each fruit weight and analyzed fruit characteristics, such as total sugar, total anthocyanin contents and total phenolic contents. The differential pruning treatments were not significant for fruit yields of southern highbush 'Misty'. No pruning treatment showed regular yields after the 2nd harvest, but the other pruning treatments were appeared that fruit yields were more concentrated on the 2nd~4th harvest time. Total sugar and total phenolic contents were observed the highest at the 4th time among the harvest period. No pruning treatment showed the highest unmarketable fruit yield at 57%, however, that of winter pruning and winter + summer pruning treatment occurred at 26%, 31%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the level of $CO_2$ (370 and $650{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$) and temperature (ambient and ambient+$5^{\circ}C$) on tomato growth and fruit characteristics as affected by the application rate of N-fertilizer (68 and $204\;N\;kg\;ha^{-1}$), for the purpose of evaluating the influence of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on tomato crop. The elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ and temperature increased the plant height and stem diameter for tomato crop, while the differences among the nitrogen(N) application rates were not significantly different. Under the elevated $CO_2$, temperature, and a higher N application rate, the biomass of aerial part increased. The fruit yield showed the same result as the biomass except for the elevated temperature. The elevated temperature made the size of fruit move toward the small, but the elevated $CO_2$ and the application of N-fertilizer were vice versa. The sugar content and pH of fruit juice were affected by nitrogen application rate, but not by the elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. These results showed that both the elevated $CO_2$ and temperature stimulated the vegetative growth of aerial parts for tomato, but each effects on the yield of fruit showed an opposite result between the elevated temperature and $CO_2$. In conclusion, the elevated $CO_2$ increased tomato yield and the ratio of large size of fruit, but the elevated temperature did not. Therefore, to secure the productivity of tomato as nowadays in future environment, it will need to develop new breeder as high temperature-tolerable tomato species or new type of cropping systems.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2010

The striped fruit fly, Baetrocera scutellata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important pests in Cucurbitaceae plants. Among 6 attractants for B. scutellata used, Cue-lure was shown better effect than the others. Newly emerged adult of B. scutellata had been occurred early June of the year tested. There were two peaks of occurrences of B. scutellata, one was from mid-July to early August and the other was early September suggesting that B. scutellata has two generation a year. The larva of B. seutellata damaging the female flower and stem of the pumpkin was found for the frist time on Korea. The blossoms were damaged and fallen by B. scutellata which were 53.8% of male flower and 30.7% of female flower in the 6 pumpkins. The pumpkin flowers were damaged 51.9% by B. scutellata. Especially thc pumpkin flowers damaged were shown 72.7% (1015/1397 individuals) from August to September. The larva of B. scutellata was found from the Trichosanthes kirilowii on 24 June 2009 in Jinan-gun Jeollabuk-do.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.347-352
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• 2019

We analyzed the correlation among fruit bearing branch (FBB) and shoot and fruit characteristics in order to select the length of FBB suitable for producing high-quality fruits of 'Soomee', a peach tree developed in Korea. The length and diameter of FBB were 26.1 cm and 6.1 mm, respectively, shoot and leaf number per FBB were 3.2 and 38.6, respectively. Of these, the coefficient of variation was very high in the shoots and leaf number. The average weight and soluble solid content (SSC) of fruit were 298.6 g and 12.2 Brix, respectively, and coefficient of variation of the fruit weight was 18.0 %, which was higher than that of SSC. As the FBB of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm length per tree were 27.1 % and 25.4 %, respectively, the sum of short and middle FBB frequency per tree was more than 50 %. Fruits of 250-350 g and 11.0-13.0 Brix per tree were distributed in 68.6 % and 74.0 %, respectively. As a result of correlation analysis, fruit weight and shoot number were affected by the length of FBB. In particular, length of FBB showed the relation of fruit weight with $y=-0.0482x^2+2.4512x+277.36$. As a result, the length of FBB that can maximize fruit weight was analyzed as 25.4 cm. Therefore, in the filed, the suitable FBB for producing 'Soomee' peach is estimated to be about 20-30 cm.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of LEDs on the fruit qualities of two strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) cultivars such as hardness, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity using the strawberry fruits, which were harvested by 50% and 100% ripening levels of fruits grown under LEDs illuminated during 6 hours after sunset from November 2018 to January of the following year. In the hardness of strawberry fruit, when two strawberry cultivars were illuminated red LED light, in 50% ripening as well as 100% ripening fruit of both 'Daewang' and 'Seolhyang' cultivars were significantly higher compared to other treatments. Also, in the sugar content on 50% ripening fruit of two cultivars, the fruit of red LED light was significantly higher than in the other LEDs and control. On the other hand, in the acidity of 50% and 100% ripening levels of strawberry fruit, the fruit under control condition was higher in than that of LEDs. The phenolic compounds of strawberry fruit grown in control was much higher than that of strawberry treated with LEDs. However, the influence of LEDs on flavonoid and anthocyanin content of strawberry fruit did not affected. Changes in the phytochemicals contents of the strawberry tends to be affected depending on the maturity of fruit. Antioxidant activity such as DPPH and ABTS of were not different by maturity of fruit, and supplementation of LEDs during 6 hours at night. Therefore, we concluded that lighting of LEDs is effective for fruit quality in terms of sugar accumulation and fruit hardness.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.545-549
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• 2001

The relationship between ethylene action and flesh softening in post-storage persimmon fruits was investigated by treating the fruits with 1-MCP. The patterns of firmness change caused by various treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene were similar to those of changes in cell wall-degrading enzyme activities, including cellulase, PG, PME, and ${\beta}$-galactosidase. Moreover, the activities of these enzymes were inhibited by 1-MCP treatment. These results show that the cell wall-degrading enzymes influenced by ethylene account for the flesh softening process of post-storage persimmon fruit. The ethylene production of fruits, as measured by ACC content and ACC oxidase activity, nevertheless, was not influenced by 1-MCP treatments. It is suggested that the flesh softening phenomena in post-storage persimmon fruits is correlated to the ethylene responsiveness of tissue rather than the ethylene production rate per se.