• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.249-261
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• 2014

This study aims to examine production technique of white wares from the Guyre-2ri 1st and 2nd kiln sites, Wonju, Gangwon Province and characteristics of the used materials, and to find a correlation among materials of the excavated white wares. X-ray fluorescence sequential spectroscopy(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Dilatometer and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), Inductively coupled plasma automic emission spectrometer(ICP-AES) were applied to determine the chemical composition, crystalline phase of samples, firing temperatures, trace elements and rare earth elements. White wares from the Guyre-2ri kiln sites contained high contents of coloring oxides and fluxes. Though firing temperature of each sample was different, they were mostly fired at a temperature below $1200^{\circ}C$ and some of them experienced a low temperature of $1000^{\circ}C{\pm}20^{\circ}C$ and a high temperature above $1200^{\circ}C$. When analyzing body crystalline phases of the white wares using the XRD method, quartz and mullite were extracted from all the samples, and the proportions were similar to each other. When analyzing the excavated white wares using the Seger formula, also, all the samples showed similar clay sources and production techniques. Moreover, the white wares were made of host rocks of the same geological origin, according to the result of rare earth elements analysis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from Bemisia tabaci in an Oriental melon field, and their growth characteristics, factors related to a natural outbreak, and infectivity against Bemisia tabaci, Tetranychus urticae, and Frankliniella intonsa were investigated. The isolates had erect conidiophores bearing whorls of 4-6 phialides with a swollen base where cylindrical conidia of $3.0-3.4{\mu}m$ were attached. The isolates were identified as Isaria fumosorosea on the basis of morphological characteristics and an ITS sequence with 99% similarity. I. fumosorosea IFs-08 grew well on Sabouraud dextrose agar+yeast extract medium(3.2 mm/day/$24^{\circ}C$); it grew better at $35^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$. The isolates of I. fumosorosea-IFs were highly infective and killed 93.9-96.7% B. tabaci, 84.9-92.0% T. urticae, and 81.5-84.4% F. intonsa in bioassay, whereas three isolates (Isaria tenuipes, Isaria farinosa, and Isaria fumosorosea) from KACC showed a low infectivity of 10-20%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of I. fumosorosea isolated from B. tabaci in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2010

Metamictization and color change in zircons from Cambodia and Tanzania were investigated. Elements analysis to detect radioactivity of elements such as U and Th, and spectroscopic analysis using UV-VIS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. According to the UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis, it was perceived that many and high intense absorption peaks appeared in blue and colorless zircons, while less and low intense absorption peaks appeared in uranium contained green and yellow zircons. It was found that those stones have made progress to the metamictization. After heat treatment, we could detect opposite results. As the results of FTIR spectroscopy analysis, in the metamict green and yellow zircon, it is showed that 3-phonon combination mode bands of $[SiO_4]^{4-}$ internal vibration in the region of 3100~3400 $cm^{-1}$ are broad and some of them disappear. However, the disappeared bands are observed again due to restored crystal lattice by the heat treatment. Also, $U^{4+}$ peaks that can detect the uranium content in zircon appears at near 4800 $cm^{-1}$ in the green and yellow samples. From this investigation, we could observe the metamictization effect and color change in uranium-bearing zircon by heat treatment using spectroscopic analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.164-167
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• 2010

Bulk GaN single crystal with 1.5 mm thickness was successfully grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) technique. Free-standing GaN substrates of $10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15$ mm size were fabricate after lift-off of sapphire substrate and their optical properties were characterized properties for device applications. X-ray diffraction patterns showed (002) and (004) peak, and the FWHM of the X-ray rocking curve (XRC) measurement in (002) was 98 arcsec. A sharp photoluminescence spectrum at 363 nm was observed and defect spectrum at visible range was not detected. The hexagonal-shaped etch-pits are formed on the GaN surface in $200^{\circ}C\;H_3PO_4$ at 5 minutes. The defect density calculated from observed etch-pits on surface was around $5{\times}10^6/cm^2$. This indicates that the fabricated GaN substrates can be used for applications in the field of optodevice, and high power electronics.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.486-493
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• 2012

Photocurable sulfonated polyimide (SPI) polyelectrolyte containing chalcone group was prepared and fabricated on an alumina electrode pretreated with chalcone-containing silane-coupling agent. SPI films with bis(tetramethyl)ammonium 2,2'-benzidinedisulfonate ($Me_4N$-BDS)/4,4'-diaminochalcone (DAC)/pyromellitic dianhydride (PA)= 90/10/100 possessed very linear response(Y = -0.04528X+7.69446, $R^2=0.99675$) and showed resistance changing from 4.48 to $2.1k{\Omega}$ between 20 and 95 %RH. The response time for absorption and desorption measurements between 33 and 94 %RH% was about 79 s, which affirmed the high efficiency of crosslinked SPI film for rapid detection of humidity. A negative temperature coefficient showing $-0.49%RH/^{\circ}C$ was found and proper temperature compensation should be considered in future applications. Moreover, pretreatment of the substrates with chalcone-containing silane-coupling agent was performed to improve the water durability and the stability of the humidity sensors at a high humidity and a high temperature and long-term stability for 480 h. The crosslinked SPI films anchored to electrode substrate could be a promising material for the fabrication of efficient humidity sensors with superior characteristics compared to the commercially available sensors.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2000

Uniform silicon tip arrays were fabricated using the reactive ion etching followed by the reoxidation sharpening, and the effect of Pd-coated layer on electron emission characteristics was studied. The electron emission from Si field emitter arrays(FEAs) was a little, but improved by removing surface oxide on the FEA, but pronounced drastically by coating a $100-{\AA}-thick$ Pd metal layer. The turn-on voltage in the Pd-coated Si FEAs was reduced by 30 V in comparison with that in uncoated ones. This results from the increase of surface roughness at the tip apex by the Pd coating on Si FEA, via the decrease of the apex radius at which electrons are emitting. The Pd-coated emitters showed superior operating stability over a wide current range to that of the uncoated ones. This suggests that Pd coating enhances the high temperature stability and the surface inertness Si FEA.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions is considered as a major problem worldwide, and many countries are making great efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Many technologies in post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion $CO_2$ capture have been developed. Among them, a hybrid pre-combustion $CO_2$ capture system of a water gas shift (WGS) reactor and a membrane gas separation unit was investigated. The 2 stage WGS reactor integrated high temperature shift (HTS) with a low temperature shift (LTS) was used to obtain a higher CO conversion rate. A Pd/Cu dense metal membrane was used to separate $H_2$ from $CO_2$ selectively. The performance of the hybrid system in terms of CO conversion and $H_2$ separation was evaluated using a 65% CO, 30 % $H_2$ and 5% $CO_2$ gas mixture for applications to pre-combustion $CO_2$ capture. The experiments were carried out over the range of WGS temperatures ($200-400^{\circ}C$), WGS pressures (0-20bar), Steam/Carbon (S/C) ratios (2.5-5) in a feed gas flow rate of 1 L/min. A very high CO conversion rate of 99.5% was achieved with the HTS-LTS 2 stage water gas shift reactor, and 83% $CO_2$ was concentrated in the retentate using the Pd/Cu membrane.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.625-631
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• 2014

In order to obtain a low evaporation temperature ranging from $-30^{\circ}C{\sim}-50^{\circ}C$, a cascade refrigeration system and two-stage compression one-stage expansion refrigeration system is required. However, the research results of performance comparison of these refrigeration system are very scarce. This paper were compared the performance characteristics of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system and R404A two-stage compression refrigeration system. The COP of R404A two-stage compression refrigeration system is about 36~57% greater than that of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system in the range of evaporation temperature of $-30^{\circ}C{\sim}-50^{\circ}C$. But R404A two-stage compression refrigeration system is unstable because COP is significantly changed when evaporating temperature and compressor efficiency decreased. In particular, when compressor efficiency decreased, COP is significantly decreased. In this case, not efficient for long-term use. Whereas R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system using natural refrigerants. Therefore, it is environmentally friendly. And this system is high-efficiency refrigeration system. The reason it can be configured by selecting the suitable refrigerant at high-temperature side and low-temperature side. From the above results, select the appropriate low temperature refrigeration system by considering the environmental and performance aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2014

For enhancing productivity of glulam, high frequency (HF) curing technique was researched in this study. Heat energy is generated by electromagnetic energy dissipation when HF wave is applied to a dielectric material. Because both lamina and adhesives have dielectric property, internal heat generation would be occurred when HF wave is applied to glulam. Most room temperature setting adhesives such as phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) resin, which is popularly used for manufacturing glulam, can be cured more quickly as temperature of adhesives increases. In this study, dielectric properties of larch wood and PRF adhesives were experimentally evaluated, and the mechanism of HF heating, which induced the fast curing of glue layer in glulam, was theoretically analyzed. Result of our experiments showed relative loss factor of PRF resin, which leads temperature increase, was higher than that of larch wood. Also, it showed density and specific heat of PRF, which are resistance factors of temperature increase, were higher than those of wood. It was expected that the heat generation in PRF resin by HF heating would occur greater than in larch wood, because the ratio of relative loss factor to density and specific heat of PRF resin was greater than that of larch wood. Through theoretical approach with the experimental results, the relative strengths of ISM band HF electric fields to achieve a target heating rate were estimated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2000

강한 결정 방향 의존성과 낮은 항정계를 갖는 Bi4Ti3O12 강유전체 박막은 NDRO형 비휘발성 강유전체 메모리 분야에서 매우 유망한 재료이다. 이를 위해서는 실리콘 기판과의 계면조절과 실리콘 기판성에서 고품질의 강유전성 박막을 성장시키는 기술이 필수적이다. MOCVD에 의한 Bi4Ti3O12 의 증착에서는 Bi 성분의 강한 휘발 특성과 낮은 반응성으로 인하여 조성과 두께 등의 조절이 매우 어렵다. 따라서 화학기상증착의 기구를 이해하고 제어하는 기술이 양질의 박막을 얻는데 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 유기금속 원료 TPB, TIP 과 산소를 이용하여 실리콘 기판위에 Bi4Ti3O12 강유전체 박막을 증착할 때, 증착 변수의 변화에 따른 박막의 증착 거동과 구조적, 전기적 특성을 연계하여 분석하였다. 특히 기판부착력이 낮고 휘발성이 강한 Bi의 특성으로 인한 문제를 개선하기 위하여 TIP원료를 주기적으로 공급, 중단을 반복하는 펄스주입법을 고안하여 그 효과를 살펴보았다. 실리콘 기판위에서 TiO2의 증착속도는 실험온도 영역에서 온도에 따라 변화하지 않는 전형적인 물질 전달에 의해 지배되는 양상을 나타내었다. 반면 Bi2O3 경우에는 50$0^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 급격하게 증착속도가 감소하는 특이한 경향을 나타내었으며 이는 Bi2O3의 높은 휘발성 때문일 것이다. Bi4Ti3O12 박막은 온도증가에 따라 증착속도가 증가한 후 $600^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 포화되는 경향을 보였다. 이로부터 실리콘 기판위에서의 Bi4Ti3O12 박막의 증착 모델을 제시하였다. Bi2O3에 비해 상대적으로 표면 부착력이 월등히 큰 TiO2가 우선적으로 실리콘 펴면에 형성된 후 TPB 유기금속 원료가 이 TiO2와 반응하는 과정으로 Bi4Ti3O12 박막이 증착된다. $600^{\circ}C$이상에서는 증착 변수들을 바꾸어도 물성이 변하지 않는 자기조절기능이 있음을 알 수 있었는데 이는 고온에서의 Bi2O3의 강한 휘발성 때문일 것이다. 실리콘 기판에서 층상 페로브스카이트 상은 58$0^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 형성되며, 매우 좁은 온도 변화에도 결정구조, 박막현상 및 성분이 크게 바뀌는 온도에 민감한 증착거동이 관찰되었다. 증착 모델에서 예견되는 Bi의 불리함을 개선하기 위해 펄스주입법을 실시한 경우 Bi의 성분량이 증가되었고 결정성이 향상되었다. 이로부터 펄스주입법이 박막내에 부족하기 쉬운 Bi를 보충하여 박막의 특성을 개선함을 확인하였다. Bi4Ti3O12 박막의 증착온도에 따른 누설전류 특성 측정 결과 증착온도가 감소할수록 누설전류가 감소함을 알 수 있었고 펄스주입법이 연속주입법보다 더 낮은 누설전류를 보임을 알았다. 펄스주입법의 경우 -2.5V 인가 시의 누설전류는 7.4$\times$10-8A/cm2에서 1.3$\times$10+7A/cm2의 매우 우수한 값을 가졌다. 연속 주입법에 의해 증착된 박막은 C-V 측정 결과 강유전성 이력이 나타나지 않았으나, $600^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 펄스주입법에 의해 증착된 박박은 강유전성 이력을 나타내었다.