• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.214-221
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• 2008

Terrestrial magnetism has left traces through residues such as fossils of the terrestrial magnetism as time went by. An analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism is an estimation of dates of archaeological remains where baked earth is exposed by measuring the change of the past terrestrial magnetism through thermo-remnant magnetization of baked earth. This paper attempts to apply an analysis of the archaeological terrestrial magnetism to archaeological remains using fourteen soil samples extracted from a charcoal kiln with side window located at the Area Ⅰ of Maegokdong. The date of A.D.440${\pm}$15 the analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism came up with gives solid evidence, while an archeological chronicle used arrangements of surrounding artifacts because of the absence of remains and assumed uncertainly that a charcoal kiln with side window was from the three kingdom periods. This analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism has come to anchor as a main natural scientific analysis because it relatively easily removes pollutants and comes up with highly reliable results owing to its considerably narrow error tolerance of assumed dates.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 2011

Archaeomagnetic dating method is used to assign a date to the archaeological remains in which burnt soil is found by measuring the changes in terrestrial magnetism with the thermal remanent magnetization retained in burnt soil. This method, in particular, is quite useful to determine an age of the archaeological remains in which no properties are found, which makes it difficult to assigning a date. Hemp kiln and lime kiln fall under remains of these features, and 21 and 5 archaeomagnetic data from both kilns respectively were obtained by measuring the- remanent magnetization in burnt soil samples that are extracted in hemp kilns and lime kilns in the country. The results of archaeomagnetic dating with these data show the age range of the hemp kilns is between the late 10th century A.D. and the middle of the 19th century, and that of the lime kilns is between the early 16th century A.D. and the middle of the 18th century. The factor that the number of data collected from the hemp kilns was comparatively more than those from the lime kilns might affect the result, however corresponding to the fact that hemp had been used for a long period of time, the period of hemp kiln are widely spread over the chronological table. And the archaeomagnetic dating of lime kiln, in view of archaeological periods, is not only in accord with the late Joseon period when the tombs with lime-soil mixture barrier in trend; this is also telling that its width of archaeological period is comparatively narrow.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2012

Issues of chronology on archaeological remains or relics have been a storm-center of controversy when various archaeological researches have been done. Sometimes there is a limit for figuring out issues of chronology by archaeological research. In that case, the field of natural science is often needed to work out issues of chronology. Among various subjects in natural science, archaeomagnetism plays an important role in dating archaeological remains for baked earth bearing relics. In particular, archaeomagnetism is of use for sites where directly excavated dating proxy is unavailable. Terrestrial magnetism changes along with the passage of time and leaves trace by many kinds of residual magnetization which could be called fossil of terrestrial magnetism. Archaeomagnetic dating method is used to assign a date to the archaeological remains in which baked earth is found by measuring the changes of terrestrial magnetism through the thermal remanent magnetization retained in baked earth. This study aims to constrain the age of fire at Buinsa, Daege, Korea using 27 samples that were collected from a layer of baked earth. Buinsa is famous for the place where kept the first edition of Tripitaka Koreana, which was lost in fire at the second invasion of mongolia. In addition, there is a record that there was revolt around this region in A.D.1203. According to archaeomagnetic dating, ages of A.D.1150~1200 and A.D.1130~1210 were assigned for the two building sites in Buinsa, respectively. To this end, it can be concluded that the layer of baked earth on the two building sites in Buinsa recorded the vestige of fire caused by revolt.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.611-625
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• 2022

One of the applications of geomagnetic paleo-secular variation (PSV) is the age dating of archeological remains (i.e., the archeomagnetic dating technique). This application requires the local model of PSV that reflects non-dipole fields with regional differences. Until now, the tentative Korean paleosecular variation (t-KPSV) calculated based on JPSV (SW Japanese PSV) has been applied as a reference curve for individual archeomagnetic directions in Korea. However, it is less reliable due to regional differences in the non-dipole magnetic field. Here, we present PSV curves for AD 1 to 600, corresponding to the Korean Three Kingdoms (including the Proto Three Kingdoms) Period, using the results of archeomagnetic studies in the Korean Peninsula and published research data. Then we compare our PSV with the global geomagnetic prediction model and t-KPSV. A total of 49 reliable archeomagnetic directional data from 16 regions were compiled for our PSV. In detail, each data showed statistical consistency (N > 6, 𝛼₉₅ < 7.8°, and k > 57.8) and had radiocarbon or archeological ages in the range of AD 1 to 600 years with less than ±200 years error range. The compiled PSV for the initial six centuries (KPSV0.6k) showed declination and inclination in the range of 341.7° to 20.1° and 43.5° to 60.3°, respectively. Compared to the t-KPSV, our curve revealed different variation patterns both in declination and inclination. On the other hand, KPSV0.6k and global geomagnetic prediction models (ARCH3K.1, CALS3K.4, and SED3K.1) revealed consistent variation trends during the first six centennials. In particular, the ARCH3K.1 showed the best fitting with our KPSV0.6k. These results indicate that contribution of the non-dipole field to Korea and Japan is quite different, despite their geographical proximity. Moreover, the compilation of archeomagnetic data from the Korea territory is essential to build a reliable PSV curve for an age dating tool. Lastly, we double-check the reliability of our KPSV0.6k by showing a good fitting of newly acquired age-controlled archeomagnetic data on our curve.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

At the archaeological site, there are a variety of fired soil remains with which archaeomagnetic dating is measured, and there are also different kinds of kilns equipped with favorable plasticity conditions, so quality data can be gained. Among them, roof tile kilns indicate fairly great results of archaeomagnetic measuring. This should be associated with the properties of soil consisting of the kilns. With a lot of experimental results, it has been found that the fired soil samples of roof tile kilns have formed very stable residual magnetization. This author conducted archaeomagnetic research to present archaeomagnetic results of measuring about roof tile kilns from Goryeo in Gyeonggi. With the archaeomagnetic data of measuring 21 samples, this researcher tried to estimate the archaeomagnetic dating of roof tile kilns from Goryeo in Gyeonggi and divided them into three groups, group A (A.D.900~1150), group B (A.D.1150~1250), and group C (A.D.1300~1400) to figure out their relative order and arrange them in order. Through this kind of archaeomagnetic research, it will be possible to identify the dating of 21 roof tile kilns from Goryeo in Gyeonggi and also contribute considerably to chronological research on roof tile kilns from Goryeo. In the body, the remains and kilns belonging to each group are presented in detail.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

Investigation on relics was performed by dividing the site of Samheung-ri, Gangjin-gun, Jeonranam-do into six districts, A to F, and as a result, total 16 kilns including Celadon kilns and pottery kilns were found. Among them, total 9 kilns found from A D E F districts including 3 Celadon kilns, 6 pottery kilns, went through archaeomagnetic analysis with baked earth samples collected from them. Since those baked earth samples showed good baking conditions as well as high soil quality, it was possible to gain archaeomagnetic data with high reliability. Through archaeomagnetic analysis, it was possible to obtain archaeomagnetic dating for each of the 9 kilns corresponding to the period between A.D. 990~1250, and the results also correspond to archaeological dating estimated to fall under the period of Goryeo. Also, it was examined if there was any difference in the operational periods of the kilns by districts, and there was difference of periods from archaeomagnetic dating in the order of district D(A.D.1100) ${\rightarrow}$ E F(A.D.1180) ${\rightarrow}$ A(A.D.1210). This result tells us that the kilns in district D stopped operating the earliest and were deserted, and next, those in districts E and F almost at the same time, and lastly, those in district A operated to the last and then were disposed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2017

A total of 16 precious archaeomagnetic dating data were obtained from various historic sites including fired soils from eight archaeological sites on Jeju Island. We researched the measurement results of 12 pieces of data from before the Common Era (BCE), and four pieces of data from after the Common Era. First, the BCE data could be divided into three groups (A, B, and C) based on the difference in the archaeomagnetic data. By comparing the data accumulated in other parts of Korea and referring to the archaeological years, the order of the groups was as follows: A group (Bronze Age~Early Iron Age) ${\rightarrow}$ B group (Early Iron Age when the circular rim eomtodae pottery was excavated) ${\rightarrow}$ C group (Early Iron Age when triangulated rim jeomtodae pottery was excavated), with A group being the earliest data group and C group being the latest data group. In addition, the data after the Common Era could be used to determine the archaeomagnetic dating of the archaeological sites. Through the archaeomagnetic dating of Jeju's archaeological sites for the BCE period, the relative order of the relics was determined, and for the period after the Common Era, the absolute age of the historic sites was obtained. They are expected to be used diversely in the chronological study of Jeju.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2008

In this study, the researcher examined archaeomagnetic secular variation of Chungcheong Region through measured data of archaeomagnet obtained from 34 relics, which discovered in the baked earth from varied historic sites within the region. Furthermore, the researcher closely reviewed regional differences of geomagnetic field in the domestic territory. Reviewing the comparison between the measured data of archaeomagnet in Chungcheong Region and the archaeomagnetic secular variation of Japan, which has difference in distance, it reveals a noticeable change in declination by tilting more than 10 degree toward East in the year of about A.D. 300, although the feature of whole variation is quite similar. In other period of times, it was confirmed that the regional differences of geomagnetic field in which the magnetic dip became deeper to some degree, and the declination was tilted westward a little bit. Such patterns do not differ significantly from the pattern of entire archaeomagnetic secular variation of our country, and even in the direct comparison to the data of Chungcheong Region, the distinct regional difference in both periods before and after Christian era was not confirmed. The fact may become clearer that, when the volume of the measured data of archaeomagnet increases further, and when more data connected with varied time period are filled, the problem such as deviation of the measurement period of archaeomagnet caused by the regional difference of geomagnetic field would not be worrisome issue, especially in Korean territory, judging from the measured data of archaeomagnet of historic relics in Chungcheong Region. Besides, as great efforts are being exerted in order to get the most reliable measured data as much as possible in taking both samples and measurement, it is thought that there would be no problem not only in the issue of deviation of the measurement period involving with the measured data of archeomagnet, but also in the aspect of reliability of data.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

It is not known in details for the A.D. period as the archaeomagnetic dating method to be fully facilitated in Korea but it has prepared for the revised shape of standard curve to trace the geomagnetic field variation, and there were cases to increase the survey on relics on the B.C. period to find out for the detailed archaeomagnetic field variation on the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Furthermore, the survey cases on the relics on the Neolithic Age began to emerge a little by little archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age through 34 pieces of the archaeomagnetic measurement data as making active advancement around mid-western region. Data is insufficient yet that it is difficult to find out the detailed trend of modification but it is estimated for approximate appearance. The archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age made changes without breaking away from the scope of changes in the A.D. period as in the same way with the Bronze Age, and comparing to the variation of archaeomagnetic field for the Bronze Age, the magnetic inclination shifted within the scope of having almost no difference, but the declination is shown to skewed toward the east in its overall appearance. In addition, the comparison was made with the data of the Jomon Age in Japan and the archaeomagnetic measurement data of Korea has a little bit more depth for while the declination is skewed toward the east for 10 degree or more compared to those of Japan. However, in the part where the data is concentrated most intensely, the data for both countries has significant part to overlap to each other that the archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age of Korea showed overall similar variation with certain partial changes when compared to those of Japan.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2002

28 direction of the past Korean geomagnetic field were determined by archaeomagnetic measurements of 734 oriented samples, collected from baked earths of remains in the southern Korea. These data cover periods of A.D. 39C, A.D. 1317 and A.D. 15-l6C. It is noted that Korean geomagnetic field data in 5-6C arc similar to those of contemporary Japanese geomagnetic field, but Korean geomagnetic field data in A.D. 3-4C deflect more easterly than contemporary Japanese geomagnetic field. The observed large difference of geomagnetic field direction between Korea and Japan suggests the existence of a prominent local geomagnetic anomaly in the vicinity of Japan and Korea in the period of A.D. 3-4C. An approximate figure of Korean archaeomagnetic secular curve for the periods of A.D. 3-6C and A.D. 7-9C was obtained. This curve is sure to be helpful for Korean archaeology to data the last firing of baked earths accompanied with no relics.