• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.63
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• pp.43-82
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to study the image of the 16th Century Honam Chinese poetry. for that, Park Sang, Im Eokryeong, Ko Gyeongmyeong in this study. This paper identified the characteristics of Ho Nam poetry is two things. First of all, is "literary talent does not acknowledge" consciousness and image of army. Park Sang, Im Eokryeong, Ko Gyeongmyeong was advanced to the center politics with excellent literary talent to the talents our 16th century Honam. However, at that time, the ruling layer was time to lead the politics. Therefore, the three people to frustration. Yet three people were criticizing the reality. And they thought that they were unhappy. It is unfortunate that they did because of their literary talent to be recognized. Three people were very sensitive to not be recognized literary talent. This is because they were subject to the management by the literary ability. It does not recognize the literary consciousness appears as sword, spear, admiral image. Second, The HwaIbulryu consciousness and image of integrity. Park Sang, Im Eokryeong, Ko Gyeongmyeong thought it not right politics. Yet continued to politics. This is not behavior that is typical scholar. What they did so because we follow a man named Yuhahye. A man named yuhahye pursue life, be it a dirty political reality was to continue the crest. But that never lose their integrity. Three people who will follow the life of this Yuhahye. This is a life attitude graft Japanese apricot flower, oriole, rock of pillar, appears as an image.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to describe growth changes of soft tissue profile in koreans with normal occlusion and to get differences between male and female. The biennial serial cephalometric radiographs of 26 samples (15 males, 11 females) with normal occlusion from 8.5 years to 18.5 years of age were used in this study. The following results were obtained : 1. Both sexes had lower facial parts more protruded at 18.5 years of age than 8.5 years of age : in total facial convexity angle, male showed a decrease(P<0.01) and female showed no significant difference(P>0.05). 2. In the growth changes of soft tissue thickness, male outgrew female in the areas of nose and upper and lower lips, and female outgrew male in the pogonion area 3. In the growth changes of upper facial height and upper part of lower facial height, male's was higher than female's growth (P<0.05). 4. The ratio of the upper facial height over the lower facial height showed a decrease at 18.5 years of age than 8.5 years of age(P<0.01). The ratio of upper vs lower part of lower facial height and that of upper lip height vs lower lip height showed no significant difference(P>0.05). 5. Male showed a sustained change into older age compared with female in soft tissue profiles.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.111-128
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• 1995

This study was investigated to assess the difference of facial height and occlusal plane inclination between pre- and post-treatment in Class I malocclusion group The subjects consisted of 35 extraction patients and 30 nonextraction patient,;, and was subdivided into Group I(overbite<0mm), Group II(04mm) in reference to overbite, and adolescent group and adult group in reference to age. Lateral cephalogram was taken with standard method, traced, and digitized for each subject. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SAS program The results wolf as follows. 1. In both groups of extraction and nonextraction group the anterior facial height increased after orthodontic treatment but there was no significant difference(p>0.05) between each goup. 2. There was no statstical significance in change of occlusal plane inclination in adolescent group, but significant difference(p<0.05) among three subgroup in adult group. 3. In adolescent-extraction and adolescent-nonextraction group there was significant increase of anterior facial height and posterior facial height, and was superior to adult groups in posterior facial height increment. 4 In all groups upper and lower molars were uprighted to occlusal plane. This had statistically significant effect.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.2 s.85
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• pp.187-197
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• 2001

The change of the vertical dimension is of fundamental importance to the orthodontist. However, the choice between the two methods of treatment, extraction versus nonextraction, is not clear. It is not verified that the extraction method decreases vertical dimension, or nonextraction methods result in an increase in vertical dimension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of vertical dimension of face after the orthodontic treatment with standard edgewise technique, and to compare them in relation to facial types and bicuspid extraction. The subjects consisted of 165 orthodontic patients (77 of adolescents, 88 of adults), and was divided into vertical nonextraction (VN) group, vertical extraction (VE) group, horizontal nonextraction (HN) group, horizontal extraction (HE) group. Pre-and Post-treatment cephalograms were taken with standard method, traced, and digitized for each subject. The comparison of the measurements were statistically executed with Student's t-test. The results were as follows : 1. The facial height and molar height were increased after orthodontic treatment in the all groups. 2. No significant difference was found in the facial height change between the vertical and horizontal groups. 3. No significant difference was found in the facial height change between the extraction and nonextraction groups. 4. As the upper molars were extruded in adolescents group and lower molars were extruded in adults group, lower anterior facial height (LAFH) was increased. 5. None of the pretreatment variables correlates to the change of lower anterior facial height (LAFH).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.3 s.74
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• pp.339-347
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations of the skeletal and dentoalveolar dimensions in relation to vertical facial patterns. Lateral cephalogram of 200 cases (100 cases of male and 100 cases of female, average age of which was 23.2 years) were traced and some measurements of skeletal and dentoalveolar dimensions were measured. The ratio of UAFH/LAFH was employed to classify the samples into groups of excess and short lower anterior facial height. And the comparison between two groups were taken statistacally. The following results were obtained. 1. The dentoalveolar height, lower anterior facial height, lower genial angle, and FMA in the excess-lower-anterior-facial-height group were significantly larger than those in short-lower-anterior-facial-height group. 2. The dentoalveolar height, facial height, ramus height, and Jarabak ratio in the male subjects were significantly larger than those in the female subjects. 3. The UAFH/LAFH ratio showed a significant correlation to upper, lower facial height, AUDH, PUDH, ALDH, PLDH, Lower gonial angle, FMA, and $Bj\"{o}rk's$ Sum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2019

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.3 s.80
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• pp.367-375
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• 2000

If a mandibular prognathic patient has an extremely unnatural anteroposterior and vertical maxilla or keen esthetical perception for facial profile, orthognathic surgery must be performed along with orthodontic treatment, which alone cannot provide satisfactory results in this case. Esthetical improvement becomes an important factor in the satisfaction level of the patient's treatment result, but an attempt to objectively measure beauty holds many problems. Therefore, in the end, the patient submits the final esthetical evaluation based on his/her subjective viewpoint. Because Korean people have a tendency to prefer the facial appeareance of westerners, they favor an oval shaped face over the traditional round face. This research was conducted in response to the complaints raised by patients who claim that their face had become more round from widening of facial width after the orthognathic surgery for manidibular prognathism than before the surgery. The following results were obtained on the changes in facial appearance and patient satisfaction level by analyzing the skull P-A analysis of total of 14 patients (8 male and 6 female) who underwent orthognathic surgery primarily chief complaint for manidibular prognathism and from their responses on questionnaires. These results are to be used in the research on the pre- and post- operative changes in facial height and width from orthognatic surgery. 1. Three ($21.4\%$) of 14 patients said that their face had widened. 2. The A group showed no change in mandibular width but B group showed a 0.7mm reduction. The facial width increased by 0.45mm and 0.66mm in groups A and B, respectively, after the orthognathic surgery 3. After the surgery the facial length changed by an 0.52mm increase in upper facial height , 1.19mm reduction in lower facial height, and 0.7mm reduction in mandibular height in group A. In group B group, there was a 0.67mm reduction in upper facial height, 3.66mm reduction in lower facial height, and 5mm reduction in mandibular height. 4. In reference to facial width, the facial height showed $1.5\%$ reduction in group A and $3.6\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 5. In reference mandibular height-to-facial width ratio, there was a $1.3\%$ reduction in group A, and $4.4\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 6. In reference to the mandibular height-to-width ratio, there was a $1.3\%$ reduction in group A and $4.3\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 7. Although the change in the facial width due to surgery can be ignored, sufficient explanation should be Provided to the patient before surgery on the fact that the face can appear to be relatively wide because of the reduced facial length as result of the surgery.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.1 s.78
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• pp.19-31
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• 2000

Developmental changes of dental arch width and length from 6.6 to 13.6 yews of age have been studied in twenty boys and thirteen girls in Korean school children. A series of 8 dental casts obtained from each child was measured in the intercanine width, intermolar width and arch length. Afterwards, mean value and each standard deviation of each age group and each gender were obtained, and corresponding graphs were drawn. The finding of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. Maxillary intercanine widths increased until age of 13.5 in males and age of 12.5 in females. On the other hand, mandibular intercanine widths increased until age of 11.5 in males and age of 9.6 in females and after there were no changes. 2. Maxillary intermolar widths increased until age of 13.5, but annual increments reduce from age of 12.5 in both sex. Mandibular intermolar widths increased until age of 13.5 in males and age of 12.5 in females. Annual increments of maxillary intermolar width greater than those of mandibular intercanine width in both sex. 3. Maxillary dental arch lengths increased until age of 10.6 in both sex, and after decreased until age of 13.6. Mandibular dental arch lengths increased until age of 10.5 in males and age of 9.6 in females, and after decreased until a9e of 13.6. 4. Developmental changes of dental arch width and length showed individual variation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.3 s.74
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• pp.317-325
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• 1999

In proper diagnosis of skeletal Class III malocclusion, it was important to know the pattern of three dimensional skeletal & facial disharmony. The purpose of this study was to obtain P-A cephalometric characteristics in skeletal Class III malocclusion comparing with normal occlusion. The samples were consisted of 120 subjects, divided into four groups : Male normal occlusion, Female normal occlusion, Male skeletal Class III malocclusion, Female skeletal Class III malocclusion. Posteroanterior and lateral cephalogram were taken from the subjects with a x-ray apparatus (ASHAI CX90SP, Japan) and traced on acetate paper with routine manner. The transverse and vertical values from posteroanterior cephalometry, the sagittal values from lateral cephalometry and their ratio were obtained. The results were as follows: 1. The anteroposterior discrepancy in skeletal Class III group was not due to short maxillary length(Cd-A), but to longer mandibular length(Cd-Gn) than normal occlusion group. 2. The faces of skeletal Class III group were longer than normal occlusion group. It was not due to increase of upper face height(Cg-ANS) but to increase of the lower face height(ANS-Me) especially mandibular height(Cd-Me). 3. There was no difference in the facial width values between normal occlusion group and skeletal Class III group, except upper molar width(U6-U6), lower molar width(L6-L6) and mandibular width(Ag-Ag) of female skeletal Class III group which were larger than normal occlusion group. 4. The increase of mandibular length of skeletal Class III group was reflected in the increase of lower facial height but did not have an effect on the mandibular width.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.319-330
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• 2007

Defining right and left side differences in mandibular ramus height is one of the key elements in the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of correction of ramus height with frontal and lateral ramal inclinations (FRI and LRI) in 2-dimensional cephalograms and observe how this affects the diagnostic accuracy of asymmetry. Methods: Frontal and lateral cephalograms were obtained in 40 individuals with chin deviation. FRI and LRI were measured on each side and ramus height measurement was corrected with these inclinations using Pythagorean's theorem. The results of diagnosis before and after correction on cephalograms were compared with the results in 3D CT images. Results: Both FRI and LRI showed greater values in the contralateral side than in the chin-deviated side and these contributed to an increase in the right and left side ramus height differences. After comparison of diagnostic results before and after correction on cephalograms with the results on 3D CT images, the sensitivity increased significantly (from 74 to 94 %) whereas the specificity decreased (from 44 to 22 %). Overall accuracy increased from 68 to 78 % with the correction using FRI and LRI. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that correction of ramus height with FRI and LRI is useful for an accurate diagnosis of facial asymmetry on frontal cephalograms.