• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.76-85
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze citizen's preference of rail station lifts(stairs & Escalation) and estimate the user benefit of Escalation, Also it includes how high is the height of the entrance ramp when citizens want to set up an escalator. 89 percent of subway users prefer escalators and said escalators are needed for stairs higher than the double-deck stairs. Especially It is higher for the age older than 30 and woman. Therefore, personnel characteristics and facility characteristics should be considered in relation to escalator installation. Based on the multiple logistic model, WTP(Willing to pay) was estimated at 34.37 won in a survey conducted to estimate practical user benefit(physical side) of escalator.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 2020

The step to obtain a process dynamic model through process experiments is very important because it needs times and expenditures. Step response method is one of the standard methods to have long been used for understanding process dynamics, obtaining dynamical models and designing control systems. For the step response, it is usually required to measure process output for a step input change in the open-loop manner. Its disadvantage criticized is the long open-loop operation. For this, a method based on the time-optimal control technique to minimize the test time for obtaining the step response has been recently presented. However, the method requires iterative computations for the minimization of test times. Here, a method where iterative computations are not required is proposed. Simulation results are presented to show that test times to obtain step responses are reduced considerably and an autotuning method based on the proposed method is compared with the relay feedback autotuning method accepted widely for the autotuning of controllers.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.833-840
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• 2008

The time and cost can be reduced when applying partial precast concrete to the stair system in comparison to the cast-in-place or precast method. Because the performance of staircase which is used for evacuation can be largely different from connection types of precast concrete member, we tried to know structural behavior and performance evaluation according to each type of stair joints by experimental study. In the cast-in-place rigid joint, much reinforcement is needed in the end portion because much stress is concentrated in the middle portion. Also, in the pin joint which is used in the connection point, the maximum stress occurs in the middle point, so not only the amount of re-bar is increased but also the serviceability is largely decreased. The bolt type of semi-rigid joints proposed in this study had been increased strength and serviceability which is similar to the rigid joints. Also, its ductility was shown about 0.7 times in comparison to the rigid type and was about 2.8 times for the pin joint type. According to the classification of joint in Eurocode, it can be considered that it is one of the semi-rigid joints which are in the semi-rigid-full strength, and the structural behavior can be expected by using a model which applied to stiffness value decreased by 40 percent.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.869-878
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• 2021

This study is a study on 11-story apartments that increase the event of fires in old apartments where building-related laws and regulations are not retroactively applied. As a result of analyzing the risk of installing fire doors in Improvement Scenario 2-4, assuming that fire doors are installed as basic scenario 1 in the existing situation where fire doors are not installed at the entrance of direct stairs. In basic scenario 1, the visible distance to the entrance of the direct staircase due to the spread of smoke was 260 seconds. Improvement scenarios 3 to 4 with fire doors installed open 300 seconds after the fire was recognized, and when the fire doors were installed at the entrance of the direct stairs, the visibility to the entrance of the statistics team was less than 600 seconds. In this case, the visibility was 600 seconds at the time of installation of the fire door, and scenarios 3 to 4 increased 56.6% compared to scenario 1, lowering the risk of evacuation by more than 50%. In order to eliminate the risk of non-installation of direct statistical groups that increase the risk of smoke spread, building-related laws such as the Fire Fighting Act shall be retroactively applied when installing a direct stairway entrance or balcony folding evacuation system. The improvement caused by the installation of fire doors has numerically proven the necessity of fire doors during evacuation, and the importance of maintaining fire doors can be grasped.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.188.2-188.2
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.73.1-73.1
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shift of COP pathway and the plantar foot pressure among level walking and stairs and ramp climbing in young and elderly people. Plantar foot pressure was measured by MatScan system(Tekscan, USA). Statistical analysis was used One-way ANOVA to know the characteristics of peak plantar pressure during walking with different the facilities. In young adults, COP pathway during stairs climbing was slightly shorten and trended to abduct at forefoot. COP pathway during ramp climbing was also shorten but trend to adduct at forefoot. Peak plantar pressure of 2-3 metatarsal head and heel during ramp climbing was more decreased than level walking. In elderly people, COP pathway during stairs climbing was more shorten and abducted than leve walking and COP pathway during ramp climbing was more unstable than level walking. Peak plantar pressure of first metatarsal head increased at stair climbing and decreased at ramp climbing. That of second metatarsal head and heel was more decreased at ramp climbing. Conclusionally, Peak plantar pressures of each foot region generally increased and more changed during ramp climbing.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2009

Article 36 of the Building Code Enforcement Ordinance requires that an exterior evacuation stairs be installed for the buildings of three stories and over with cultural facilities or gathering places which have over $1,000\;m^2$ floor area of public performance halls or recreational facilities. The concentration of population together with the increase of high-rise buildings in cities call for various precautionary measures to be taken against human disasters. For the past ten years high-rise buildings showed 85% of increase, marking a steep rise. This increase of high-rise buildings may lead to human disasters in urban areas and, in case of fire breakout, may cause great loss of human lives and property damages. The most difficult fire-fighting activities in high-rise building fires are those of evacuation. Because smoke spreads through the upper floors, the securement of evacuation route in high-rise buildings may be the only way to minimize loss of lives. In high-rise buildings exterior escape stairs are necessary because it is difficult to secure evacuation route with only direct stairs or interior stairs. The Building Code now in force provides insignificant coverage on the exterior evacuation route installment and therefore becomes an inadequate means for evacuation route securement in high-rise building fires. To compensate for this inadequacy the Building Code should be revised to include a mandatory clause that an exterior evacuation stairs be established for the buildings of ten stories and over which can be categorized into high-rise building group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.396-408
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• 2017

In Korea, the number of elderly has been increasing rapidly. So it is also expected that the economic activity and the trip frequency of the elderly will increase. On the other hand, elderly related accidents such as falls during walking are steadily increasing and the satisfaction about pedestrian environment of elderly is very low. In this paper, we found one of the reasons for these dissatisfaction in pedestrian facility, which is not considering the walking ability (about 75% of non-elderly person) of the elderly. So, we analyze the kinematic walking characteristics of the elderly with the motion analysis system, when the elderly use stairs. As a result of analysis of various walking variables, the current standard for stairway height in Korean law (18cm) requires excessive force to elderly so it was difficult for elderly to keep the balance of the body in ascending and descending walk of stairs. In this paper, we propose the stair design criteria through the cluster analysis of walking parameters reflecting the gait characteristics of the elderly. This change is not a big for non-elderly person, but it can promote more socioeconomic activities for the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.83-89
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• 2011

A series of full-scale testing was conducted to examine the effect of stairwell pressurization on the pressure differential between the stairwell and the auxiliary room and between the auxiliary room and the residence. Also, flow velocity profiles at open doors were measured. The building tested was a condominium that had twenty floors above the ground and two floors underground. For pressurization of the stairs, a blower was used to supply air into the stairwell at one location underground. Thirteen different cases were tested, and test variables included the number of floors with open doors and the flow rate of the air supply. When the doors on the first floor were open, the pressure differential between the stairwell and the auxiliary room was distributed almost uniformly except for locations near the first floor. When the flow rate was in the range of 180~270 CMM and the doors of one floor were open, the flow velocity could satisfy the requirement of fire safety standards and the stairwell pressure was positive at all levels. However, the minimum pressure requirement (10 Pa) could not always be satisfied. When doors on two floors were open, the flow velocity requirement could be satisfied by increasing the flow rate, but it was found impractical to satisfy the minimum pressure requirement without causing excessive pressure differential in the area near the blower.