• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.677-694
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• 2015

This paper aims to discuss and develop theories of social sustainability as an alternative of urban development, recognizing that urban development paradigm needs to turn to the qualitative perspective. Urban development in Korea has mainly focused on quantitative expansion disregarding qualitative development so far. Korean cities has achieved the quantitative accumulation of wealth due to the strategy. However, as a result, it is also certain that socio-economic problems such as urban poverty, social polarization, deterioration of welfare and quality of life are getting more serious. In the context that social sustainability meets social needs of urban residents based on equity and focuses on social development, it has an important meaning in relation of social and economic problems such as inequality and distribution of urban development. Furthermore, social sustainablity can foster urban residents' endogenous capability and governances. The importance of social sustainablity has been standed out and its concept and practical problems have been discussed diversely among researchers in the Western advanced countries for the last decade. However, social sustainability is still unattractive and its institutional strategy are insufficient in Korea. Concepts and practical problems of social sustainability have implications on the development path of Korean cities which have been accumulated contradiction due to the quantitative development for a long time.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.1 s.90
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

Paraquat, a widely used herbicide, has been suggested as a potential risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), a marker for oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress, is known to catalyze heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide and free iron in response to various stimuli. Here we show that paraquat activates HO-1 expression in a time-and dose-dependent manner in substantia nigra(SN) dopaminergic neuronal cells. Activation of Ho-1 by paraquat was regulated primarily at the level of gene transcription. Deletion analysis of the promoter and the 5' distal enhancers, E1 and E2, of the HO-1 gene revealed that the E2 enhancer is a potent inducer of the paraquat-dependent Ho-1 gene expression in dopamninergic neuronal cells. Mutational analysis of the E2 enhacer further demonstrated that the transcription factor activator protein-1(AP-1) plays an important role in mediating paraquat-induced HO-1 gene transcription. Moreover, using specific inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs), we investigated the role of paraquat and MAPKs for HO-1 gene regulation in dopaminergic cells. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) inhibitor SP600125 significantly suppressed the expression of HO-1 by paraquat. All these results demonstrate that induction of HO-1 by paraquat requies the activation of the AP-1 and JNK pathway.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2008

Dicamba(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is used to control for pre and post-emergence of annual and perennial broad-leaf weeds. It is very soluble in water and highly mobile, acidic herbicide. So it is easily moved and detected in groundwater. Zerovalent iron(ZVI) has been used for the reductive degradation of certain compounds through amination of nitro-substituted compounds and dechlorination of chloro-substituted compounds. In this study, we investigated the potential of ZVI for the oxidative degradation of dicamba in water. The degradation rate of dicamba by ZVI was more rapidly increased in pH 3.0 than pH 5.0 solution. The degradation percentage of dicamba was increased with increasing amount of ZVI from 0.05% to 1.0%(w/v) and reached above 90% within 3 hours of reaction. As a result of identification by GC-MS after derivatization with diazomethane, we obtained three degradation products of dicamba by ZVI. They were identified 4-hydroxy dicamba or 5-hydroxy dicamba, 4,5-dihydroxy dicamba and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxyphenol. 4-Hydroxy dicamba or 5-hydroxy dicamba and 4,5-dihydroxy dicamba are hydroxylation products of dicamba. 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxyphenol is hydroxyl group substituted compound instead of carboxyl group in dicamba. We also confirmed the same degradation products of dicamba in the Fenton reaction which is one of oxidation processes using ferric sulfate and hydrogen peroxide. But we could not find out the dechlorinated degradation products of dicamba by ZVI.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1126-1139
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• 2014

World is experiencing abnormal weather caused by urbanization and industrialization increasing greenhouse gas and one of these phenomenon domestically happening is flood and drought. The increase of green-house gases is due to urbanization and industrialization acceleration which are causing abnormal climate changes such as the El Nino and a La Nina phenomenon. It is expected that there will be many difficulties in water management, especially considering the topography and seasonal circumstances in Korea. Unlike in the past, a variety of water conservation initiatives have been undertaken like the river-management flow and water capacity expansion projects. To meet the increasing demand for water resources, new environmentally-friendly small and medium-sized dams have been built. Therefore, the development of a new paradigm for water resources management is essential. This study shows that additional security is needed for potential water resources through diversion tunnels and is very important to consider for future water supplies and situations. Using RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 in representative concentration pathway climate change scenario, specific hydrologic data of study basin was produced to analyze past observed basin rainfall tendency which showed both scenario 5%~9% range increase in rainfall. Through sensitivity analysis using objective function, population in highest goodness was 1000 and cross rate was 80%. In conclusion, it is expected that the results from this study will help to make long-term and stable water supply plans by using the potential water resource evaluation model which was applied in this study.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) is an important enzyme that plays a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by maintaining reduced pool of ascorbate through recycling the oxidized form of ascorbate. In this study, we isolated a PagMDHAR1 gene from Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa, and investigated its expression characteristics. The PagMDHAR1 cDNA encodes a putative 434 amino acids containing FAD- and NAD(P)H-binding domains. Southern blot analysis indicated that a single nuclear gene encodes this enzyme. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that PagMDHAR1 is highly expressed in both suspension cells and flower tissues, while its expression levels were enhanced by drought, salt, cold, wounding and ABA. Therefore, PagMDHAR1 might be expressed in response to abiotic stress through the ABA-mediated signaling pathway in this poplar species, suggesting that the PagMDHAR1 plays an important role in the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.328-333
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• 2011

Melatonin has been known as an animal hormone. However, melatonin exists in diverse organisms including higher plants. The biosynthesis and physiological roles for melatonin in plants is still largely unknown, although both dicot and monocot plants have melatonin and some medicinal plants even contain large amounts of melatonin. In this study we detected melatonin in diverse Viola plants, in which melatonin had not been examined so far, by reverse phase HPLC analysis, demonstrating the wide existence of melatonin in the genus of Viola. We then fed tryptophan (Trp) and tryptamine (TAM) to the incubation medium for Viola leaf sections to test their effects on melatonin formation. Trp is also the hypothesized starting material of melatonin in plants, and TAM is the following intermediate produced by the decarboxylation of Trp. Trp feeding did not affect the contents of melatonin. In contrast, TAM feeding clearly increased the level of melatonin in Viola leaves. Because TAM is derived from Trp, we concluded that the Trp-TAM pathway exists in Viola plants as well. Ineffectiveness of Trp feeding to the change of melatonin contents supports the hypothesis that the decarboxylation step from Trp to TAM is the rate-limiting step in plant melatonin biosynthesis.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 2005

I reviewed an ecological and environmental significance of microbial carbon respiration coupled to dis-similatory reduction of fe(III) to Fe(II) which is one of the major processes controlling mineralization of organic matter and behavior of metals and nutrients in various anaerobic environments. Relative significance of Fe(III) reduction in the mineralization of organic matter in diverse marine environments appeared to be extremely variable, ranging from negligible up to $100\%$. Cenerally, Fe(III) reduction dominated anaerobic car-bon mineralization when concentrations of reactive Fe(III) were higher, indicating that availability of reactive Fe(III) was a major factor determining the relative significance of Fe(III) reduction in anaerobic carbon mineralization. In anaerobic coastal sediments where $O_2$ supply is limited, tidal flushing, bioturbation and vegetation were most likely responsible for regulating the availability of Fe(III) for Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB). Capabilities of FeRB in mineralization of organic matter and conversion of metals implied that FeRB may function as a useful eco-technological tool for the bioremediation of anoxic coastal environments contaminated by toxic organic and metal pollutants.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 2006

Small and middle sized Franchise system channels experience conflicts because of constant interaction between franchiser and franchisee. However, it is rarely that attempt has been made to identify causes of conflicts in distribution of franchise industry. The purpose of this study was to explore cause of conflicts from the franchisee. For the study, data were collected from the owner or the shop-manager with a contractor in franchise systems. By means of in-depth interviews with multiple informants, their statement was analyzed qualitatively. From analysis of the resulting data, the causes of conflicts were associated with two broad sets, attitudinal and structural differences between franchisers and franchisees. First, attitudinal sources of conflict were identified as perception of subordinated relationships between channel members, delayed announcement on order changes, difficulties in communication by doing irresponsible behavior, different expectations between channel members in market territory and lack of consistent-supporting. Second, structural sources of conflict involved unilateral decision on interior, payment method, unreasonable delivery issue, treat franchisee with discrimination by the sales, in controlling against free management. There are limitations on generalization due to the results based on interview, but this study will be a useful exploratory step before designing a large scale survey.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.129-148
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• 2009

In 2006, the share of fisheries distribution in Busan amounted to 1.9 million ton, which was 41 percent of the whole country. In details, coastal fishery 334 thousand ton(14% of the whole country), deep sea fishery 452 thousand ton(82%), import fishery 964 thousand ton(70%), export fishery 157 thousand ton(43%) were distributed in Busan region, respectively. Recently, the share of fisheries sale through e-commerce is increasing owing to the growth of IT and competitive price of its products. and the sale share of large discount store is also on the 10% more increase owing to the effectiveness of distribution structure. Hereafter these structure changes of fisheries distribution in Busan will be more intensified. Therefore, after reflecting the change in distribution policy of Busan Fisheries, the directions of distribution policy should be established, as follows. Distribution policy to prepare for increasing of sales ratio in large discount store

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.628-638
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• 2017

In response to difficult employment conditions in the maritime industry and a desire to expand their career options, domestic mates are persuing DP operator training at institutions both domestically and abroad based on their shipboard experience. However, since the offshore plant service industry has not yet been established in Korea, those seeking to enter this field have difficulty acquiring qualifications and most seek work overseas for offshore shipping companies. Individuals wishing to work as DP operators are likely to face more conservative recruitment processes with overseas offshore shipping companies, focusing on career language restrictions as they will be non-native speakers relative to the foreign company, difficulty living in a multi-cultural environment, and lack of systematic information on essential job requirements. For these reasons, domestic mates have difficulty seeking jobs. Therefore, this study analyzes the capabilities and qualification required to be a DP operator to provide basic data for developing NCS standards representing a minimum level of competency. These standards can be applied by the government to develop plans for professional training for DP operators. In study, job classifications, competency standards and career development paths for DP operators have been proposed along with joint use of DP training vessels, to train specialized DP instructors. An NCS export model led by the government to activate professional training for DP operators is also presented.