Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2011.21.2.328

Supply of Tryptophan and Tryptamine Influenced the Formation of Melatonin in Viola Plants  

Kim, Yeo-Jae (Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University)
Yoon, Young-Ha (Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University)
Park, Woong-June (Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.21, no.2, 2011 , pp. 328-333 More about this Journal
Abstract
Melatonin has been known as an animal hormone. However, melatonin exists in diverse organisms including higher plants. The biosynthesis and physiological roles for melatonin in plants is still largely unknown, although both dicot and monocot plants have melatonin and some medicinal plants even contain large amounts of melatonin. In this study we detected melatonin in diverse Viola plants, in which melatonin had not been examined so far, by reverse phase HPLC analysis, demonstrating the wide existence of melatonin in the genus of Viola. We then fed tryptophan (Trp) and tryptamine (TAM) to the incubation medium for Viola leaf sections to test their effects on melatonin formation. Trp is also the hypothesized starting material of melatonin in plants, and TAM is the following intermediate produced by the decarboxylation of Trp. Trp feeding did not affect the contents of melatonin. In contrast, TAM feeding clearly increased the level of melatonin in Viola leaves. Because TAM is derived from Trp, we concluded that the Trp-TAM pathway exists in Viola plants as well. Ineffectiveness of Trp feeding to the change of melatonin contents supports the hypothesis that the decarboxylation step from Trp to TAM is the rate-limiting step in plant melatonin biosynthesis.
Keywords
Melatonin; tryptophan (Trp); tryptamine (TAM); Viola plants;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Vivien-Roles, B. and P. Pevet. 1993. Melatonin: presence and formation in invertebrates. Experimentia 49, 642-647.   DOI
2 Witkowska-Banaszczak, E, W. Bylka, I. Matlawska, O. Goslinska, and Z. Muszynski. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb. Fitoterapia 76, 458-461.   DOI
3 Yoo, K. O. and J. H. Kim. 2006. Analysis of taxonomic relationships of Korean Viola based on trnL-trnF region sequences of chloroplast DNA. Flower Res. J. 14, 232-240.
4 Murch, S. J. and P. K. Saxena. 2002. Melatonin: a potential regulator of plant growth and development? In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 38, 531-536.   DOI
5 Paredes, S. D., A. Korkmaz, L. C. Manchester, D. X. Tan, and R. J. Reiter. 2009. Phytomelatonin: a review. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 57-69.
6 Poeggler, B., I. Balzer, R. Haderland, and A. Lerchl. 1991. Pineal hormone melatonin oscillates also in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra. Naturwissenschaften 78, 268-269.   DOI
7 Posmyk, M. M. and K. M. Janas. 2009. Melatonin in plants. Acta Physiol. Plant 31, 1-11.
8 Rodriguez, C., J. C. Mayo, R. M Sainz, I. Antolin, F. Herrera, V. Martin, and R. J. Reiter. 2004. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J. Pineal Res. 36, 1-9.   DOI
9 Schroeder, P., C. Abele, P. Gohr, U. Stuhlfauth-Roisch, and W. Gross. 1999. Latest on enzymology of serotonin biosynthesis in walnut seeds. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 467, 637-644.   DOI
10 Srinivasan V, D. W. Spence, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, I. Trakht, and D. P. Cardinali. 2008. Therapeutic actions of melatonin in cancer: possible mechanisms. Integr. Cancer Ther. 7, 189-203.   DOI
11 Tan, D. X., L. C Manchester, P. Di Mascio, G. R. Martinez, F. M. Prado, and R. J. Reiter. 2007. Novel rhythms of N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and its precursor melatonin in water hyacinth: importance for phytoremediation. FASEB J. 21, 1724-1729.   DOI
12 Tomita, T., K. Hamase, H. Hayashi, H. Fukuda, J. Hirano, and K. Zaitsu. 2003. Determination of endogenous melatonin in the individual pineal glands of inbred mice using precolumn oxidation reversed-phase micro-high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 316, 154-161.   DOI
13 van Tassel, D. L., N. Roberts, A. Lewy, and S. D. O'Neill. 2001. Melatonin in plant organs. J. Pineal Res. 31, 8-15.   DOI
14 Claustrat, B., J. Brun, and G. Chazot. 2005. The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin. Sleep Med. Rev. 9, 11-24.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Ferguson, S. A., S. M. Rajaratnam, and D. Dawson. 2010. Melatonin agonists and insomnia. Expert. Rev. Neurother. 10, 305-318.   DOI
16 Fuhrberg, B., I. Balzer, R. Hardeland, A. Werner, and K. Luning. 1996. The vertebrate pineal hormone melatonin is produced by the brown alga Pterygophora californica and mimics dark effects on growth rate in the light. Planta 200, 125-131.
17 Glawischnig, E., A. Tomas, W. Eisenreich, P. Spiteller, A. Bacher, and A. Gierl. 2000. Auxin biosynthesis in maize kernels. Plant Physiol. 123, 1109-1120.   DOI
18 Ireland, D. C., M. L. Colgrave, and D. J. Craik. 2006. A novel suite of cyclotides from Viola odorata: sequence variation and the implications for structure, function and stability. Biochem. J. 400, 1-12.   DOI
19 Kang, K., S. Kang, K. Lee, M. Park, and K. Back. 2008. Enzymatic features of serotonin biosynthetic enzymes and serotonin biosynthesis in plants. Plant Signal. Behave. 3, 389-390.   DOI
20 Kolar, J. and I. Machackova. 2005. Melatonin in higher plants. Occurrence and possible functions. J. Pineal Res. 39, 333-341.   DOI
21 Korkmaz, A., T. Topal, D. X. Tan, and R. J. Reiter. Role of melatonin in metabolic regulation. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 10, 261-270.
22 Lee, C. H. 1993. Viola native to Korea. J. Korean Flower Res. Soc. 2, 13-22.
23 Malitsky, S., E. Blum, H. Less, I. Venger, M. Elbaz, S. Morin, Y. Eshed, and A. Aharoni. 2008. The transcript and metabolite networks affected by the two clades of Arabidopsis glucosinolate biosynthesis regulators. Plant Physiol. 148, 2021-2049.   DOI
24 Ambriz-Tututi, M., H. I. Rocha-Gonzalez, S. L. Cruz, and V. Granados-Soto. 2009. Melatonin: A hormone that modulates pain. Life Sci. 84, 489-498.   DOI
25 Chen, G., Y. Huo, D. X. Tan, Z. Liang, W. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2003. Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 73, 19-26.   DOI
26 Boutin, J. A., V. Audinot, G. Ferry, and P. Delagrange. 2005. Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trend. Phamacol. Sci. 26, 412-419.   DOI
27 Baldi, B. G., B. R. Maher, J. P. Slovin, and J. D. Cohen. 1991. Stable Isotope Labeling, in vivo, of D- and L-Tryptophan pools in Lemna gibba and the low incorporation of label into indole-3-acetic acid. Plant Physiol. 95, 1203-1208.   DOI
28 Chattoraj, A., T. Liu, L. S. Zhang, Z. Huang, and J. Borjigin. 2009. Melatonin formation in mammals: in vivo perspectives. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 10, 237-243.   DOI