• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.13-29
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• 1998

Recently, It is increasing popularity to research on the soil remediation in aspect of management by reason of the hazardous impact on the contaminated soil in Korea. It was investigated high levels of arsenic salts in soil near abandoned five mines(Darak, Daduk, Jingok, Dalsung, Ilkwang) located in Youngnam area. Arsenic, classified as group A(Human Carcinogens) from IRIS, have shown statistically significant increment in skin cancer with oral exposure. This paper was conducted to predict excess cancer risk value (to the skin cancer) based on multiple pathway such as soil ingestion, dermal uptake and food(plant) ingestion contaminated by arsenic, and also, to identify the remedial goal regarded in future land use. The mine having the highest arsenic level was Daduk(mean : 1950mg/kg) and the next rank was Jingok(1690mg/kg), Ilkwang(352.37mg/kg), Dalsung(86.08mg/kg), Darak(0.83mg/kg). The chronic daily intake to the multiple exposure were calculated using Monte-Carlo simulation regarded in future land use and used q: value was $1.5(mg/kg/day)^{-1}$ to the oral proposed by IRIS(1997). The computated excess cancer risk 95th value to all the mine regarding future land use as residential and rural area were more than $10^{-4}$. If the level of acceptable risk is aimed for 1$\times$$10^{-6}$, it could be used Darak as commercial and industrial area without soil remediation due to the lowest risk value(6$\times$$10^{-8}$ and 3$\times$$10^{-8}$). Computated remedial goal based on 1$\times$$10^{-6}$ of acceptable risk to the future land use as the residential, rural, commercial and industrial area were 0.02mg/kg, 0.003mg/kg, 97.31mg/kg and 194.62mg/kg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1491-1499
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• 2014

We examined the effects of unripe black raspberry (UBR) and red ginseng (RG) extracts on cholesterol improvement in C57BL/6J mice fed a HCD (high cholesterol diet) for 12 weeks. Hepatic total lipid and total cholesterol contents were significantly induced in hyperlipidemic mice. However, supplementation with UBR, RG and simvastatin effectively reduced these lipid profiles. Further, UBR and co-treatment with UBR and RG increased expression of LDL receptor, SREBP2, and SR-B1 mRNA compared with HCD. The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was reduced by co-treatment with UBR and RG compared to treatment with UBR. In addition, histopathologic evaluation showed that co-treatment with UBR and RG suppressed lipid accumulation as well as FAS and leptin expression in plasma. These results indicate that co-treatment with UBR and RG may be useful for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

Puopose : Exposure to dietary phytoestrogens such as genistein during early childhood is a growing public health concern. We examined the effect of early exposure to genistein on sexual maturation in immature rats. Methods : Weaning (3wk-old) Sprague-Dawley female rats were assigned to three groups (n=6 for each): fed by high dose of genistein (100 mg/kg/d), low dose of genistein (10 mg/kg/d) and control group. First vaginal opening (VO) day was observed. Structural alterations in the ovary and uterus were assessed by histologically. Expression of genes of $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$, and progesterone receptor (PR) in the ovary and uterus were investigated by RT-PCR. Results : High genistein group had earlier VO than control and low genistein group. Graafian follicles and corpora lutea were observed from the ovary of genistein-treated groups, while primary, secondary follicles and small atretic follicles were observed in the control group. Hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelia were found in the genistein-treated groups while poor development of gland and fewer myometrial cell layers were evident in control group. In ovary, the transcriptional activities of $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$ were higher in high genistein group than in controls. In uterus, the transcriptional activities of $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$ and PR were higher in low genistein group than in controls. Conclusion : Acute exposure to genistein during the prepubertal period could activate the reproductive endocrine system resulting in the early onset of puberty in female rats. Further clinical investigation on the effect of genistein on the sexual maturation in children is warranted.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine commonly used in IBD, possibly has various side effects after high dosage and long term intake. The present study aimed to investigate the sulfasalazine and combination with herbal medicine on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced in mice model. TNBS-induced mice were injected through a flexible catheter 4 cm in length 1.6 mg TNBS. Animals were divided into five groups (n=12): Normal group, TNBS control group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (60 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg)+Cinnamomi cortex and Bupleuri radix mixture (30 mg/kg) (SCB) group. Administration groups were fed extract during 7 days. The inflammatory, and apoptotic protein levels were determined using western blotting. SCB treatment showed an outstanding effectiveness in counteracting the IBD, as assessed by reduction of body weight loss, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines, and by inhibition of proteins related to apoptosis. This is the first report that sulfasalazine and Cinnamomi cortex plus Bupleuri radix mixture improve the severity of experimental IBD through the inhibition of both inflammation and apoptosis. We confirm that the SCB treatment instead of sulfasalazine alone may be promising as an alternative therapeutic plan against IBD, without any evidence of adverse effects.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.126-129
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• 2000

The hypoglycemic effects of the hot water extract of soybean paste containing mycelia of Phellinus linteus, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. All the diabetic groups were not significantly affected in food intake and food efficiency ratio. Significant decrease in blood glucose was observed in all the soybean paste containing mushroom mycelia (SPM) groups. Especially, administration of soybean paste containing mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, blood glucose level was significantly lowered up to 45% compared to that of diabetic control group. The GPT and GOT activities indicated lower values in all the SPM groups than in the diabetic control group.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.591-604
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• 2020

The objectives of this study were to find out the best condition of extracting methods of limonene from citron and to determine effects of limonene on immune modulation activity by measuring cytokine secretion using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. When distilled water was used as a solvent instead of organic solvents to extract limonene from citron, addition of refluxing process to simultaneous steam distillation extraction method was found to be much effective in extracting limonene. However, it required longer extraction time than using other organic solvents. Limonene extracts showed increased IL-β and IL-6 but decreased the TNF-α gene expression in limonene concentration dependant manner. However oral administration of limonene extracts to mice did not influence significantly compared to control in in vivo experiment. It might be due to that the mice were kept in well controlled and complete environment. Limonene, a natural material from citron has been approved to have a immune-modulation activity in the present study and have a potential as a feed additive that is environmentally friendly and no harmful. Further study with protected limonene, for example, for the protection of limonene from oxidation or bypass the ruminal degradation in order consequently to increase immune-modulation activity might be useful as a further research.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.478-489
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• 2010

Penthiopyrad is a fungicide agent in types of pyrazole which is showing the effect of prevention in fungal disease and powdery mildew. In order to register this new pesticide, reports of acute toxicity and chronic toxicity by animal study were examined to set acceptable daily intake to evaluate hazards of consumers. Acute toxicity was low in toxic, and it did not have the effect of acute dermal toxicity, acute eye irritation, or skin sensitization. As the result of the study in chronic toxicity, the common effect of chemical appeared in the liver and thyroid which was proven as a toxic effect. Two-generation reproduction toxicity, genotoxicity, and prenatal development toxicity were not proven. As the result of carcinogenic study, increase of thyiroid follicular adenoma in the rat and the frequency of liver hepatocellar adenoma in mice were also increased. However, it was decided that the threshold value on the effect in chemicals could be controlled through study liver enzyme induction. Therefore, the ADI for penthiopyrad is 0.081 mg/kg/ bw/day, based on the NOAEL of 8.10 mg/kg bw/day of twelve-months dogs study and applying an uncertainty factor of 100.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2006

Purpose: FDG uptake on positron omission tomography (PET) has been considered a prognostic indicator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of maximum value of SUV (maxSUV) in recurrence prediction in patients with surgically resected NSCLC. Materials & methods: NSCLC patients (n=42, F:M =14:28, age $62.3{\pm}12.3$ y) who underwent curative resection after FDG-PET were enrolled. Twenty-nine patients had pathologic stage 1, and 13 had pathologic stage II. Thirty-one patients were additionally treated with adjuvant oral chemotherapy. MaxSUVs of primary tumors were analyzed for correlation with tumor recurrence and compared with pathologic or clinical prognostic indicators. The median follow-up duration was 16 mo (range, 3-26 mo). Results: Ten (23.8%) of the 42 patients experienced recurrence during a median follow-up of 7.5 mo (range, 3-13 mo). Univariate analysis revealed that disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly correlated with maxSUV (<7 vs. $\geq7$, p=0.006), tumor size (<3 cm vs. $\geq3$ cm, p=0.024), and tumor tell differentiation (well/moderate vs. poor, p=0.044). However, multivariate Cox proportional analysis identified maxSUV as the single determinant for DFS (p=0.014). Patients with a maxSUV of $\geq7$(n=10) had a significantly lower 1-year DFS rate (50.0%) than those with a maxSUV of <7 (n=32, 87.5%). Conclusion: MaxSUV is a significant independent predictor for recurrence in surgically resected NSCLC. FDG uptake can be added to other well-known factors in prognosis prediction of NSCLC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2011

Cucumber fermentation has been used as a means of preservation. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented cucumber beverage (CF) containing beneficial materials for an ethanol hangover based on Hovenia dulcis (SKM) on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: ethanol control, ethanol plus SKM, and ethanol plus CF+SKM. SKM or CF+SKM was orally administered at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 5 weeks. Control rats were given an equal amount of water. CF+SKM significantly lowered plasma ethanol levels, whereas SKM tended to decrease the levels compared to the control. Both SKM and CF+SKM significantly lowered the plasma acetaldehyde levels and serum transaminase activities compared to those in the control. SKM and CF+SKM did not affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity; however, it significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly higher in the SKM and CF+SKM groups than that in the control group. Plasma acetaldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2E1 (r=0.566, p<0.01) activity and ALDH (r=-0.564, p<0.01) activity. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as glutathione content increased with the SKM and CF+SKM administration, whereas lipid peroxide content decreased significantly. Furthermore, SKM and CF+SKM lowered plasma and hepatic lipid content and lipid droplets compared to those in the control group. These results indicate that SKM and CF+SKM exhibit hepatoprotective properties partly by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity, enhancing ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.255-264
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• 2014

This study was performed to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of metabolism on reducing blood lipid, by oral administration of egg yolk in rats. A total of 36 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomized into four treatment groups, according to a randomized block design. Each group was further divided into three repeat cages, with each repeat cage comprising of 3 rats. The animals were orally administered with egg yolk once a day, while feeding the same purified pellet diet for 6 weeks. The four treatment groups were: C(control, saline 1.0 g), T1(pork belly oil 1.0 g), T2(egg yolk 1.0 g), T3(pork belly oil 1.0 g and egg yolk 1.0 g alternating every week). The measured parameters in each group are listed as follows in the order of highest to the lowest: daily average gain of body weight(T1>T3>T2>C); blood triglyceride and total cholesterol(T1>C>T3>T2) HDL-C (T2>C>T3>T1); and LDL-C (T1>T3>C>T2). AST and ALT, which are the index of liver function, were the highest in T1 but was lowest in T2. The weights of the liver, spleen, and kidney, except for the abdominal fat, showed no significant difference. The weight of abdominal fat was the highest in T1, but there were no significant difference among C, T2, and T3. The HMG-CoA reductase activity was the highest in T1 followed by T3, C but T2 was lowest. The daily fecal excretions of the total sterol, neutral sterol and acid sterol was highest in T2 but lowest in T1. The results of this study show that the egg consumption reduces the blood lipid through facilitation of fecal excretions of sterols and inhibition of enzyme activity in cholesterol biosynthesis, in the liver of animal and human.