• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2021

Objectives: The study aims to examine the variation over roughly the past 10 years (from 2008 to 2018) in the estimated daily dietary Pb intake (Pb-D) based on the variations of daily intake amount and Pb content in respective food groups. The following factors were considered: (1) variation of estimated value of Pb-D, (2) Pb contents in each food group and (3) the most influential food group for dietary Pb intake. Methods: Estimated values of Pb-D were taken from food consumption by the food groups reported in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey and the Pb content of each food group as reported in 19 previous publications. Variation from 2008 to 2018 of Pb intake was calculated from daily intake amount and Pb content in each food group. Results: The survey showed that main Pb intake sources were the food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish'. These food groups showed gradually increased Pb exposure from 2008 to 2018. Estimated daily Pb intake was 42.18 to 57.68 ㎍/day for men and 30.97 to 42.54 ㎍/day for women. Both men and women showed slightly increased dietary Pb intake from 2008 to 2018. The food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish' proved the highest Pb intake food groups. Estimated Pb intake from 'meats and poultry' was 8.47 to 12.98 ㎍/day and that of 'fish and shellfish' was 5.63 to 10.10 ㎍/day. Conclusion: Over the past ten years, daily Pb intake has slightly increased in men and women. The food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish' might be the main variation factors of Pb intake.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2022

Smilax sieboldii is one of the Smilax species. A number of Smilax plants have long been used in traditional medicine in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Repeated dose oral toxicity test is an essential experiment for toxicity evaluation before efficacy evaluation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate toxicity and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) using oral administration of Smilax sieboldii extract (SSE) in male and female ICR mice for 4 weeks. SSE was orally administered daily for 4 weeks at a dose of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (MPK). There were no significant differences in mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, food intake, hematological analysis, serum clinical chemistry test and relative organ weights in all animals administrated with SSE. The results obtained in this study suggest that SSE did not show any toxic effect in ICR mice and the NOAEL of SSE was regarded as over 2000 MPK.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2008

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation and is associated with hyper-production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Recent studies have suggested that one of the treatments to alleviate symptoms of AD could be a supplementation of probiotics, Lactobacillus, Rhamnosus, Bifidus, etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics on immune parameters in NC/Nga mice treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro-benzene (DNCB). To induce atopic dermatitis, DNCB was treated to the back of mice for 2 weeks. Then, NC/Nga mice were divided into the four experimental groups randomly. Probiotics fragment, probiotics with other complex (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12LbL, L. plantarum K8, L. plantarum K8 fragment, ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid), antihistamine, and distilled water were administrated orally to the NC/Nga mouse for 4 weeks of experimental period. The groups were probiotics fragment group (DPF), probiotics with other complex group (DPOC), antihistamine group (DAH) and distilled water group (DDW) as a control group. The levels of serum IgE, interlukin-4 (IL-4), interlukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) and spleenocyte IgE were measured. The levels of serum IgE were significantly different among the four experimental groups. Before the treatment, there was no differences among the groups. However, from the first through the third week of the treatments, the levels of serum IgE in the probiotics (DPF, DPOC) and antihistamine (DAH) groups were lower than those of control group (p < 0.05). The levels of serum IL-4 of DPOC group was significantly lower than that of control group (p < 0.05) and serum IL-5 levels of DPF, DPOC, and DAH groups were significantly lower than that of control group. The levels of serum IFN-${\gamma}$ were not different among the four experimental groups. The levels of serum IgE in supernatant of spleen lymphocytes were not significantly different among the groups. These results suggest that probiotics supplementation showed partial effectiveness in the DNCB treated NC/Nga mice via modulation of IgE level and IL-4, IL-5 production. Based on these findings, probiotics exhibited the inhibitory effect via IL-4 production thereby inhibited the production of IgE in atopic animal model NC/Nga mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2005

Chitosan, which is a biopolymer, composed of glucosamine units linked by β-l, 4 glycoside bonds, is rich in shells of crustacean such as crabs and shrimps. We examined effects of dietary chitosan on blood and tissue levels of lead, iron, zinc and calcium in lead administered rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n=32). Basal diet group was fed 3% cellulose diet and lead administered groups were fed 0%, 3% and 5% chitosan diets, respectively for 8 wks. To lead administered groups, lead (20㎎/day) was given three times per week by oral injection. Blood, liver, kidney and femur were collected for lead, iron, zinc, and calcium analyses. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. Blood and femur lead levels were lower in lead administered groups fed 3% and 5% chitosan diets than in lead administered control (0% chitosan diet) group (p＆lt;0.05). Blood and liver levels of iron and zinc in lead administered group fed 5% chitosan diet were significantly lower than those in basal diet group (p＆lt;0.05), but those in lead administered group fed 3% chitosan diet were not significantly different with those in basal diet group. These results show that chitosan diets have beneficial effects on lowering the accumulation of lead, but high chitosan diet may have negative effects on mineral levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2004

The purpose of this work was to examine the effect of peptide on blood pressure and serum lipid concentration of spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR). This peptide was extracted from beef muscle hydrolysates and identified as hexapeptide, V-L-A-Q-Y-K. This peptide showed angiotensin converting enzymc(ACE) inhibition activity in vitro experimentation$(IC_50: I38.34{\mu}\ell$/ml). Diets containing 0.2g. 0.5g. and 1.0g of the peptide per kg body weight were fed to SHR every day for 8 weeks while the control group was ted on a diet and lml of drinking water instead of the peptide. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of the treatment groups were lower than those of the control diet feeding group. The significant suppression of systolic blood pressure was shown by increasing the concentration of peptide supplement. especially by 3 weeks of feeding. although it started fluctuating later. These results suggest that the peptide may beneficially affect blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rat by the 3-week administration.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2018

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus, medicinal plants extract, and essential oil on laying performance, cecal microflora, relative organic weight, leucocyte profiles in laying hens against Salmonella gallinarum. A total of 100 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 65 weeks of age were assigned into 5 dietary treatments supplemented with no antibiotic (negative control), antibiotic (positive control), Lactobacillus 0.1% (LB), medicinal plants extract 100 ppm (MPE), herb extract 100 ppm (EO). After 7 days of treatment, the 20 hens in each treatment group were divided into challenge group (n=10) and non-challenge group (n=10) for oral administration of Salmonella gallinarums, and were maintained in the same dietary treatments for two additional weeks. Laying hens were selected 20 by each treatment, splitting up into oral Salmonella group and nontreated group. The feeding trial lasted for one weeks and Salmonella gallinarum was orally administered for two weeks. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were calculated and cecal microflora, relative organ, and blood were collected at the end of experiment. Compared with the control, laying hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil were not observed to change of laying performance. Salmonella count increased significantly when Salmonella gallinarum was orally administered (P<0.05) but coliform bacteria and Lactobacillus counts were not affected. The relative organs weight was not different in hens with oral administration of Salmonella gallinarum and also in hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil. H/L ratio was not significantly different, but total leucocyte level was somewhat increased in the treatment with oral administration of Salmonella gallinarum and more leucocyte increased in laying hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil than control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.490-500
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate repeated dose oral toxicity upon administration of the test substance 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one for 90 days and to determine NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and target organs in Sprague-Dawley rats. Single, 2-week repeated, and 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose levels of groups were 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d. All dose groups were compared with the vehicle control group. The animals were observed for clinical signs and weekly body weight. Urinalysis, hematology, and serum biochemistry analyses were conducted. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and subjected to histopathological examination. For the result, NOAEL of ethanol extract from unripe fruit of bitter melon had an optimal dose of 5,000 mg/kg/d and acceptable daily intake up to 3,000 mg/man. There was no target organ detected. Therefore, bitter melon, which contains a variety of bioactive substances, could be widely used as a health functional food ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.961-969
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• 2015

To investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil (BSO), we examined improvement of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in vivo. Five-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups of six mice each; Control, high fat diet (HFD) control (negative control), salmon oil control (positive control, HFD+commercial n-3 fatty acid), and BSO experimental groups (HFD+1 g/60 kg BW/d, HFD+2 g/60 kg BW/d). After 4 weeks of BSO treatment, we measured serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The levels of low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed BSO at 2 g/60 kg BW/d compared to the negative control. Levels of triglycerides, which are similar to cholesterol, were also significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the same group. To investigate further, we tested blood coagulation parameters. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly different among the five groups according to BSO. However, the 2 g/60 kg BW/d BSO group treated with PT and aPTT showed a tendency to live longer than the negative control. Taken together, BSO might improve blood homeostasis mediated via hypo-lipidemic and anti-coagulation activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1983

The recent work on symptomatology and therapy of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficience has been reviewed. EFA deficiency is due to an absence of dietary linoleic acid which cannot be synthesized endogenously in man. The diagnosis of EFA deficiency is based on clinical features such as the appearance of scaly skin rash, sparse hair growth or failure to thrive, which occur late in the course of EFA deficiency and biochemical features occurring within two weeks of fat-free diet. The amount of linoleic acid required to prevent EFA deficiency varies with age of the patient and route of fat administration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1264-1270
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• 2008

In order to evaluate their possible subacute toxicity, the male and female of SD rats were given to 30 kGy irradiated cereal powders for three months. During the experimental periods, appearance, behavior, mortality, body weight, organ weight, and food consumption of rats fed the 30 kGy cereal powders were not affected compared to the non-irradiated control. In urine analysis, histopathological examination, hematological as well as in serum biochemical findings, no significant differences were found between the rats administered with non-irradiated control and 30 kGy cereal powders for three months. These results indicate that cereal powders irradiated at 30 kGy did not show any toxic effects under these experimental conditions.