• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.87-97
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• 2015

There's a trend towards vitalization of nightscape planning businesses nationally and locally as well for city image making and activation of regional economy, but there is still no systematic nightscape planning going on for lack of relevant researches and objective evaluations. This study aims to suggest the guideline for nightscape planning by conducting an eye tracking experiment and survey for recognizing the characteristics of a nightscape. Furthermore, the authors intended to verify the eye-tracking method as a tool for landscape evaluation. The research site was restricted in the campus of Virginia Tech, VA, and those were selected by experts' survey among various types of nightscape images. The variables for analyzing the characteristics of nightscape images selected were 'preference', 'safety(fear)' and 'clearness'. 'Fixation duration', 'saccade duration', 'scan path length', and 'pupil size' were selected as the eye movement measurements. The results of this study are as follows: The first outcome found was that there were significant differences among the characteristics(preference, safety and clearness) of a nightscape by MANOVA, and these variables were correlated positively by Pearson's correlation. Secondly, there were differences on fixation duration, saccade duration and scan path depending on the nightscape setting statistically. Also, the eye tracking measurement in an open setting was recorded lower than enclosed settings. In the result of a heat map, we found the meaning of the fixated areas on both viewing without intention and viewing intentionally. It turned out that the fixated areas were consistent with the areas the subjects felt preferred and clarity in all of the nightscape images, which means people usually focus on what they prefer and see clearly in a certain nightscape. Based on this result and previous studies, the authors could make a conclusion that eye tracking method can apply to evaluate nightscape settings in terms of analyzing the whole characteristics and finding specific points for the detailed analysis as well. Therefore, these results can contribute by suggesting nightscape planning, implication of the landscape evaluation, and implication of the eye tracking study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2010

In this paper I tried to find out changed and improved streetscape through the simulation using components of streetscape abstracted by factor analysis after analyzing present situation and problems of the streetscape for housing developments prepared on publis water surface. An analysis object is located in Haeundae Marine City in Busan. As a result of analysing the streetscape of marine city at present, I could see that main problems were discontinuous street space that did not reflect the characteristic of seashore, uncomfortable and insecure passage owing to coexistence street at seashore, insufficient street facilities for pedestrians, and disordered outdoor signboards. Therefore, I put the causal problems of marine city's streetscape in the insufficient street components, disharmony, and discontinuity so analysed the simulation elements applying selected street components and evaluated them to deduce demand factors having common meaning. As the result, the common demand factors were 'street furniture', 'harmonious streetscape with surrounding', 'landscape with natural openness', and 'landscape with dynamic symbol' in the order. So it needs to stress on a plan for proper arrangement of 'street facilities' and symbolic streetscape having continuity and harmony with surrounding so that the plan can proceed more properly for marine city's identity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.141-148
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• 2002

As the city in Korea has been developed rapidly and quantitatively, land viewscape has been neglected and is being recognized as one of the important issue that we have to interest in now. But land viewscape scene has not yet constructed numerically and objectively, therefore the analysis of urban viewscape had been made inefficiently, nonsystmetically, inexactively. In this study, the quantitative analysis of urban viewscape by using digital photogrammetry and GIS was made. At the result of this study, it was showed that 3D analysis of urban viewscape using digital photogrammetry is numerical, quantitative and objective not intuitive, quantitative and subjective.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.68-76
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• 2013

Effortful directed attention becomes fatigued if it is demanded by environment. Kaplan and Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory (ART) proposes that the fatigued directed attention can be restored by a restorative landscape. The four restorative components are being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility. The restorative effect of landscape has been mainly investigated in terms of nature vs. urban dichotomy, although ART acknowledges that various types of landscapes can induce restorative effect. The purpose of this study is to examine whether sense of place of landscape has an influence on the restorative effect, and how the effect relates to the visiting experience. This study was performed in An-Ap-Ji with 200 Korean visitors who participated in the questionnaire survey. Hartig et al.'s PRS (Perceived Restorativeness Scale) was used as the research instrument to measure the restorative quality. The Analysis results are summarized as: 1) PRS was a very reliable measurement for Koreans' assessment of traditional landscape. Especially, the factor analysis produced four restorative components which fully supported ART. 2) The sense of place of landscape was found to have a positive influence on the restorative effect. 3) Landscape beauty was also discovered to be influential in the restoration even though the effect of beauty was lower than that of the sense of place. 4) Among the four restorative components, three components (fascination, escape, compatibility) influenced both visiting satisfaction and revisit intention, where the order of the relevant importance was fascination, escape, and compatibility. Based on the results, it was suggested that PRS should be used in landscape restoration research in Korea in order to re-examine its' reliability. It was also proposed that more research should be directed to investigate the relationship between the sense of place and the restorative effect of landscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.473-482
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to understand the effects of soundscapes on forest landscape preference in the Baekdudaegan protected area. The study sites were selected in Jeombongsan and Sobaek National park selected within the Baekdudaegan. The landscape preference surveys were conducted by using landscape adjectives classified with Nature, Sound, Attractiveness, and Aesthetics. The comparative analyses examined the difference of preferences between only visual landscapes and visual landscapes with soundscapes. The research found out that soundscapes were associated with landscape characteristics, and positively correlated with the improvement in landscape preference. Thus, the research can infer that forest landscape assessment consider visual attributes as well as soundscape cues.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.88-99
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• 2012

This study was to analyze the changes made in the landscape cognition in Yong-in City for the past 10 years. For the analysis, the landscape plan in 2001, and the survey data collected for the new 2012-landscape plan were used. The questions on the survey covered the cognition of the current landscape status, the evaluation of landscape depending on the types of landscape, the understanding of each element on the landscape, the residents' cognition, etc. In the evaluation of the status on current landscape, Everland was ranked outstandingly high as a symbol and a representative place both in 2001 and 2012. The image of the overall city landscape was changed from the image of unique, diverse, grand-scale and well ordered in 2001, to the image of wide, disordered, common and realistic. As the evaluation of individual landscape types such as the view of the mountain, the surroundings of the tourist attractions, colors, etc, has improved overall. The image of the city has been evaluated to improve gradually, especially in the level of individual element. In the study of participating the willingness of residents, despite the interest in landscape has been continued, the attitude for the actual participation in the action plan or the restriction of property right has been changed into a negative side. For the direction of the landscape plan, the residents are more interested in the detailed subjects : such as the financial support, the night landscape plan, the improvement of the problems, etc. During the last 10 years, the changes on the landscape cognition in Yong-in City have changed more in detail and specifically, the cognitions on the local government and developers changed positively. However the reducion of the participants' willingness suggested a review on the policies and the projects of the landscape.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2010

This study was intended to identify, among various characteristics of tunnel, the relationship between the design factors comprising the driver's psychological stability, easiness and the sensitivity and then to suggest the mechanism for evaluating the tunnel view, and to that end, the study attempted to evaluate the relations between the physical elements comprising the tunnel shape and the variation of driver's emotional recognition, thereby proposing the measures to create the scenic environment. As a result of LISREL modeling to identify the characteristics of emotional recognition to tunnel view, the elements affecting tunnel view appeared to be emotional image created by the combination of elements comprising the tunnel view. Such emotional image can be explained by design elements and individual characteristics, and the effect of design element appeared to be greater than individual characteristics. The relations between individual characteristics and design element appeared to be positive (+) and the relations between the "safety" and "variability" was significant. And the "safety" have had greater effect on view recognition than "variability", indicating that the drivers tend to give more importance to "safety", but also require the "variability"on the other hand.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2020

This study takes the Gyeongju Historic Areas Daereungwon Area as the research object, uses the Virtual Walkthrough method for virtual experience and evaluation, the visual characteristics were analyzed. To analyze landscape visual characteristics and to find out the relationship between image factors and visual preferences, the factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results are as follows: the results of preference analysis of the Daereungwon Area show that the preference of scene3 where located on the western boundary of Noseo-rl tumuli got the highest score, and the preference score of scene5 where located on the western boundary of Daereungwon less than three points. The results of factor analysis of visual characteristics, three factors were analyzed: regularity factor, spatiality factor and historical factor. The analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis results of the relationship between factor scores and visual preferences show that regularity factor was analyzed as the biggest factor that affects the visual preference of the Historical-cultural landscape Daereungwon Area. Virtual Walkthrough method has a strong three-dimensional and strong production of the real landscape scene, it's an effective method in landscape analysis. The results of research provides data and information for improving the visual quality of Historical-cultural landscape and it's expected to be applied in the future of landscape planning.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.21-35
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• 2011

This study is basic research which aims to compare and analyze changes in rural areas in modern times. The main purpose of this study is to comprehend the characteristics of changes in the Korean rural landscape and to suggest the implications for preservation and maintenance of the rural landscape. To help in understanding the rural landscape systematically, it should be divided into six types: housing landscape, cultivation landscape, green landscape, waterside landscape, streetscape and symbolic and religious landscape. According to this step, the contents and the procedures of changes were analyzed generally. Based on the literature review and field survey, the styles of changes were deduced to be formation, alternation, relocation, damage and restoration on landscape elements. Lastly, it was concluded that complex changes of landscape in rural areas from the government's development policy have been continued from macroscopic changes like overall structure and system of landscape to microscopic changes like shape, material, size and color of each landscape element. Rural villages which have not had the government's development policy applied to them may not be appropriate for this study. However, this study has significance in that it can suggest the direction for desirable rural planning. Future studies need to consider landscape change through not only the development policy but also economic, social and cultural factors.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the landscape structures of the National and Provincial Forest Parks in the list of "100 Famous Forests of Korea" designated by Korea Forest Service by comparing them with those of the non-designated forests. Among the designated and the non-designated, 34 mountain forests were chosen respectively over all provinces of Korea. The spatial characteristics of forest landscapes were quantified as the landscape indices independently using FRAGSTATS and the two sets of results of analyses were compared each other. According to the results of the comparative study, the designated forests were found on the higher elevation with the higher average slope and the more complicated relief conditions rather than those of the non-designated. In terms of landscape structure, the designated forests show the larger average patch size, the lower edge density and the higher diversity of landscape components. These results indicate that the more hilly mountain forests with the more complicated spatial distribution patterns of patches are the characteristics of the designated forests. The indices of the forest landscape structure would be useful in understanding the perception of forest landscape.