• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2014

Geological heritages can be defined conveniently as geological records worthy of conservation, and are represented in most cases by geological outcrops. So survey and evaluation of geologic outcrops are necessary for better conservation of geological heritages. As a measure to prevent potential destruction of geological heritages from various development projects, I propose construction of database based on survey and evaluation forms of geological outcrop, which can also be used for environmental impact assessment. The geological survey form consists of survey area, category, subcategory, location, dimension, geologic features, photo, description, and investigator. The evaluation form consists of evaluation category, detailed evaluation, comprehensive evaluation, and evaluation grade. The evaluation category is divided into academic aspect, education effect and landscape. The detailed evaluation items for academic aspects and education effect are representativeness, rarity, diversity and typicality, while those for geomorphology and landscape are peculiarity, aesthetics and naturalness. The evaluation grades are divided into five, where the first grade means a must of conservation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study takes road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens in Suzhou as the object. It compares the relations and differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscapes with different rockery ratios, and studies the differences between Korean and Chinese's adjective visual characteristics of road landscape of traditional gardens and impacts of visual characteristics on preference. The following is the research process: Firstly, the theoretical survey of road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens is conducted, pictures of the road landscape of gardens in Suzhou are taken, and 15 pictures are selected based on rockery ratio. Secondly, in order to grasp the visual preference and landscape characteristics of road landscape of garden in Suzhou, 15 pictures and 21 pairs of adjectives are adopted for the questionnaire survey. Thirdly, in order to grasp the differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens, thet-test analysis is conducted. In order to grasp the impacts of rockery ratio on preference, and after the classification of landscape pictures based on rockery occupancy, the average analysis, factor analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese are conducted respectively. In order to grasp the differences of incentives of landscape preference, the incentive analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese is carried out. In order to grasp the impacts of various factors on the preference, The results are as follows: The results of analysis of differences between Korean and Chinese's preference on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens show that the overall preference of Chinese is higher than that of Korean. The results of the landscape preference analysis show that the ranking order of average value of Korean and Chinese's preference on rockery ratio categories is: medium ratio, very small ratio, small ratio, large ratio, very large ratio. The results of analysis of relations between rockery ratio of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens and preference show that the preference increases as the rockery ratio decreases, and the rockery ratio variation causes greater impacts on Korean. Results of the analysis of visual characteristics, factors of visual characteristics of Koreans are "aesthetic factor", "comfort factor", "neat(orderly) factor", and "fun factor". The visual characteristics of Chinese has three factors, namely "psychological factor", "comfort factor", and "neat factor".

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.70-78
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• 2018

Recently, the conservation of mountainous landscape and compensation for diverse demands for mountain areas such as leisure, recreation and welfare are under discussion. The purpose of this study is to investigation the perception of mountainous landscapes by those who view and recognize the landscapes and to estimate economic value by estimating the willingness to pay for the management of mountainous landscapes. This study will provide data for the management of mountainous landscapes. As a result of comparing the perception between the territorial landscape and the mountain landscape, the mountain scenery was 3.96, the management level satisfaction was 3.28, and the management necessity was 4.38, which was higher than the national landscape, while the national landscape was satisfactory but the management level was insufficient. Jeju Island (39.0%) and Gangwon (38.6%) were chosen as the most scenic areas with beautiful forest and mountainous landscape resources. The aesthetic characteristics of the vast skyline of mountain scenery, the background of the area, and the mountainous landscape that forms the landmark were evaluated highly. And, it is considered that consciousness of mountainous landscape management is heightened by 86.8% of respondents, who positively answered the Mountainous Landscape Visual Impact Assessment before the development project. The per capita payment amount for mountainous landscape management was calculated to be 3,742 won and, based on the number of visitors to the mountain National Parks in 2016, it is estimated to have an economic value of about 169.5 billion won. Policymakers have limitations in the mountainous landscape management policies of the administrative subject. Establishing a consensus on the importance and necessity of landscape management by diagnosing the status of public perception is expected to help create more effective policy direction and implement strategies for the management of these areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.22-30
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• 2004

It is an attempt to suggest the standard valuation method of the environmental illumination for the bridges across the Han-river from an aesthetic point of view, deviating from the technical and traditional viewpoint. In Korea the current evaluation criterion to verify the value of bridge design has a partiality for the technical and structural safety rather than the sentient beauty on the whole. However, the recently cultural reform of Korean mass society with the elevation of the standard of living forces the engineering designers for bridges to focus not only on competing physical structures but also on enhancing the formative beauty including the illumination effects for night view. Additionally, the new policy, which transforms the environments around the Han-river into the major tourist attractions has been executing strongly by the city authorities to revitalize the symbolic, historic, and cultural identity of the capital city with the introduction of the high-quality environmental illumination for the bridges. As a result, It becomes necessary to establish the manual and standardization of the environmental illumination planning for the city in terms of the formative beauty, and this study is to suggest the valuation model method of the environmental illumination for the bridges as the initial step of the standardization. In the study, the valuation items of the standard questionnaire are selected by the documentary records and the consultation of various experts in architecture, design, fine art, urban planning and even administration to verify the essential elements of the aesthetic beauty with the local amenity and the environmental harmony for the chosen bridges across the Han-river.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.42-59
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• 2014

Han Pilgyo (1807~1878) was a scholar-official in the later period of the Joseon Dynasty. The research results on spatial structure and landscape techniques of the central government office reviewed through the Sukcheonjeado(宿踐諸衙圖) album collection edited by Han Pilgyo are as follows. First, Sukcheonjeado(宿踐諸衙圖) using Sabangjeondomyobeob(四方顚倒描法, a Korean traditional drawing type) is uniquely proven historical data which helps to understand the spatial structure of the center and local government offices and the characteristics of cultural landscape. Secondly, the central government office located in Yookcho(六曹) Street which is the outside Gwanghwamun(光化門) of the Main Palace(Gyeongbokgung, 景福宮) of the Joseon Dynasty has a center facility(Dangsangdaecheong, 堂上大廳) and attached buildings which are distributed from high to low or from left to right, according to its order of presidency in square-shaped portion of land. The main building was located facing south and by considering the administrative convenience, the environmental effect and the practice of Confucian norms this structure reflects a hierarchical landuse system. Thirdly, the main buildings such as Dangsangdaecheong and Hyangcheong(鄕廳), which are the working place for government officials had large square front yards for constructing a practical patio garden. The back garden was tended to reflect the meaning landscape, with such as pond and pavilion. A particular point was the repeated crossing of active space and passive space(movement and stillness, building and yard, yard and garden), which implements the Yin-Yang principle. Fourth, the characteristics that can be extracted from the central government office landscapes are (1) expandability of outdoor space, connects of front gardens, emphasizes the characteristic of serviceable gardens and back gardens, which in turn emphasizes scenic sides, (2) introduction of water features(square-shaped ponds) that can be used as fire-water and considers environmental-amenity and landscape characteristics, (3) introduction of pavilions for relaxation, mental and physical discipline, and the development of back gardens, (4) significance of Jeongsimsoo(庭心樹) in such things as selection of concise landscape plants like lotus, willow, pine, zelkova and so on, and limited plant introduction, (5) environmental design techniques which set importance on not only aesthetics and ideality but also practical value. Thus, these aspects of the government office landscape can be said to be the universality and particularity of Korean traditional landscape technique and can be extracted similarly in the palaces, temples, lecture halls, and houses of the upper class of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2010

Recently a number of media facade buildings making beautiful cityscape landmark has been increased in Seoul. However, indiscreet adaptation of media facade cause problems such as light pollution and poor city image. This paper was to investigate luminous characteristics of media facade building. Five representative media facade buildings in Seoul have been selected. The CS-100 and ProMetric-1400 were used to measure the luminance and color temperature of the facades. The measurement points were located at the opposite spot of the building. The results showed that maximum media facade luminance of such buildings exceed Seoul design guideline. Also, color temperature with over 5,500[K] that exceed the design guideline were mostly used in all the facades.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2010

지구상의 광물, 암석, 화석 그리고 지질구조, 지형 등의 개개의 지형 지질학적 요소의 특성과 다른 대상과의 상호관계를 지질다양성이라고 한다. 지질다양성은 지형 지질에 내재되어 있는 본질적, 문화적, 심미적, 경제적, 기능적, 연구 및 교육적 가치를 이해하고 보전함으로써 유지 할 수 있다. 이 연구는 지질다양성에 대한 흥미와 이해를 높이기 위해 학술적 보전 가치가 있는 강원도 영월지역을 선정하여 그 특징을 분석하고 지질다양성을 효율적으로 활용하는 방안을 제언하고자 한다. 강원도 영월지역의 지질다양성에 대한 조사는 지형경관 자원과 지질특성의 희소성, 대표성, 학문적 가치 및 활용가치에 중점을 두고 전문가와 협의하여 보존가치가 있고 지리적으로 접근하기 편리한 노두 8곳을 선별하였다. 선별된 8곳의 노두는 고생대의 암석과 지층, 뚜렷한 퇴적구조, 화석, 규모가 크고 전형적인 하천지형이 나타나는 곳으로 지질유산(지형 지질)의 내재적 가치와 지구과학적 이해를 도울 수 있는 대상지이다. 대상지의 지질다양성에 대한 조사를 토대로 야외 지질학습장과 지질공원 및 지질명소, 과학적 특별흥미지역 등을 개발하여 제공함으로써 지형 지질에 대한 자기주도적 학습 능력 신장과 지구과학에 대한 흥미와 이해를 증진시키는 장을 마련해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 과학적 가치와 더불어 사회적, 문화적 가치를 부여하여 보전함으로써 지질유산(지형 지질)에 대한 새로운 시각이 생길 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2016

The objects of this study are to identify values of criterion(vii) and to consider a possibility of application of criterion (vii) of UNESCO World Heritage to Mt. Seoraksan Natural Reserve based on the analysis of the concept of criterion (vii) and justifications of World Heritage sites under criterion (vii). According to the analysis results of 114 Natural Heritage sites under criterion (vii) listed between 1978-2015, detailed values of the criterion and their applied cases were categorized into 10 values. Based on this category, values were drawn that could be applied to Mt. Seoraksan and support the justification of criterion (vii) in three aspects. First, the value of visuality could be applied to Mt. Seoraksan due to its abundance of Scenic Sites, which means it has been recognized as an area with natural beauty by government. Second, the value of comprehensiveness of geomorphological landscape could be applied to Mt. Seoraksan in that it shows all kinds of granite landform in a relatively limited area. Finally, the value of comprehensiveness of geomorphological landscape could be again applied due to its overall mountainous river landscape.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.32-51
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• 2016

This study examines, based on the database of the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics(ITKC), the garden plants and their symbolism, and the landscape culture recorded in 'Jipkyungjaeyoungsi(the Series of Poems on Gardens Poetry)' in relevance to traditional houses. First, Jipkyungjaeyoungsi had been continuously written since mid-Goryeo dynasty, when it was first brought in, until the late Joseon dynasty. It was mainly enjoyed by the upper class who chose the path of civil servants. 33 pieces of Jaeyoungsi(題詠詩) in 25 books out of a total of 165 books are related to residential gardens. The first person who wrote a poem in relation to this is believed to be Lee GyuBo(1168~1241) in the late Goryeo dynasty. He is believed to be the first person to contribute to the expansion of natural materials and the variation of entertainment in landscape culture with such books as 'Toesikjaepalyoung(退食齋八詠)', 'Gabeunjeungyukyoung(家盆中六詠)'and 'Gapoyukyoung(家圃六詠)'. Second, most of the poems used the names of the guesthouses. Out of the 33 sections, 19(57.5%) used 8 yeong(詠), then it was in the sequence of 4 yeong(詠), 6 yeong, 10 yeong, 14 yeong, 15 yeong, 16 yeong, 36 yeong(詠) and so on. In the poem writing, it appears to break the patterns of Sosangpalkyung(瀟湘八景) type of writings and is differentiated by (1) focusing on the independent title of the scenery, (2) combining the names of the place and landscape, (3) focusing on the name of the landscape. Third, the subtitles were derived from (1) mostly natural landscape focused on nature and garden plants(22 sections, 66.7%), (2) cultural landscape focused on landscape facilities such as guesthouses, ponds and pavilions(3 sections), (3) complex cultural scenery focused on the activities of people in nature(8 sections). Residents enjoy not only their aesthetic preferences and actual view, but the ideation of the scenery. Especially, they display attachment to and preference for vegetables and herbs, which had been neglected. Fourth, the percentage of deciduous tree population(17 species) rated higher(80.9%) compared to the evergreens(4 species). These aspects are similar results with the listed rate in 'Imwonkyungjaeji(林園經濟志)' by Seo YuGu [evergreen 18 species(21.2%) and deciduous trees 67 species(78.8%)] and precedent researches [Byun WooHyuk(1976), Jung DongOh(1977), Lee Sun(2006)]. Fifth, the frequency of the occurrence of garden plants were plum blossoms(14 times), bamboos(14 times), pine trees(11 times), lotus(11 times), chrysanthemum(10 times), willows(5 times), pomegranates(4 times), maple trees(14 times), royal foxglove trees, common crapemyrtle, chestnut trees, peony, plantains, reeds and a cockscombs(2 times). Thus, the frequency were higher with symbolic plants in relations to (1) Confucian norms(pine trees, oriental arbor vitae, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, bamboos and lotus), (2) living philosophy of sustain-ability(chrysanthemum, willow), (3) the ideology of seclusion and seeking peace of mind(royal foxglove ree, bamboo). Sixth, it was possible to trace plants in the courtyard and outer garden, vegetable and herb garden. Many symbolic plants were introduced in the courtyard, and it became cultural landscape beyond aesthetic taste. In the vegetable and herb garden, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are apparently introduced for epigenetic use. The plants that were displayed to be observed and enjoyed were the sweet flag, pomegranate, daphne odora, chrysanthemum, bamboo, lotus and plum blossom. Seventh, it was possible to understand garden culture related to landscaping materials through poetic words such as pavilions, ponds, stream, flower pot, oddly shaped stones, backyard, orchard, herb garden, flower bed, chrysanthemum fence, boating, fishing, passing the glass around, feet bathing, flower blossom, forest of apricot trees, peach blossoms, stroking the pine tree, plum flower blossoming through the snow and frosted chrysanthemum.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.2 s.107
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• pp.172-186
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• 2005

I examine in this paper how the contemporary sacredness of Mt. Chirisan has been modified through the reworking of the embodied experiences of the mountain. 1 examine the theme of escapism through the cases of mountain men and Chonghakdong. The two mountain men, Huh Man-Soo and Ham Tae-Sik, tacitly suggested a modem aesthetic and environmentalist view of nature by articulating a typical form of appreciating nature in a transition period from pre-modern to modern society. Mountain men mediated their own personal dreams of revitalizing the Taoist utopian place with their social practices of modernizing and democratizing the appreciation of nature. Ultimately, the appearances and practices of mountain men symbolize the end of the pre-modern geographical imagination of the mountain as distinctive plate outside society (real world). Therefore, the vision of modem civic-national landscape, national park, was made concrete at the very site where the people's dreams of utopia, the inherited sacredness of the mountain and people's religious beliefs in its protective power were terminated.