• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.80-98
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• 2002

Taxus cuspidata Sieb selected cultivation as drug, food and decorative plant in Kyong-gi province in Korea. As a manufacturing method, there were extracted from 250g of dried-leaf and 300g of dried-stem with each 200g of BG, PG and water (to 100) mixing for 72 hour at 50$\pm$5$\^{C}$ and then they were filtered by 400-mesh filter. Appearance of extract of leaves was slight brown, pH=5.3$\pm$0.5, gravity was 1.012$\pm$0.05, and a reflective index was 1.375$\pm$0.05. And appearance of extract of stems was slightly dark brown, pH=5.4$\pm$0.5, gravity was 1.016$\pm$0.05, and a reflective index was 1.358$\pm$0.05. It was extracted oil from Taxus seed. Gravity was 0.922$\pm$0.05 and it should be obtained the 27.0$\pm$0.5% of yield. The molecular weight of polysaccharide was about 50,000 to 300,000 dalton and contained 5.0$\pm$1.2% of yield from Taxus fruit. The determinations of total polyphenols in measuring spectropotometer got 0.563% in leaves, and 0.325% in stems, whereas the quantitives of total tannins got 0.054% and 0.037%, respectively. As the effects in Cosmetics by DPPH-method, the antioxidative activities were very strong that the inhibitory ratio showed 75% in leaves and 64% in stems compared with 52% in greentea extract. These are more effective than other plant extracts. The increasing ratio of collagen synthesis rate on the activating fibroblast for extracts of Taxus cuspidata Sieb showed 54.16% (stems) and 33.18% (leaves), To improve the skin elasticity, PPE(porcine pancreatic elastase)-inhibitory activities were strongly effective as 13,7% (stems), 23.5% (leaves) and 66%(seed). Anti-inflammatory acitvity of seed oil was very the above 41% stronger than SG was 24% of anti-Inflammatory as a control sample.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.741-751
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• 2010

We evaluated the nutritional value of a Monascus pilosus mycelial ethanolic extract (MEM) and culture filtrate (CFM) by determining the contents of monacolin K and citrinin, and by measuring antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The yields of freeze-dried MEM and CFM powder were 4.02% and 3.35% of wet weight, respectively. Pigment content ($OD_{500}$ value) of MEM (0.79) and CFM (0.63) were lower than those of commercial rice beni-koji ethanolic extracts (EERB) (0.87), but were in good agreement with the L*, a*, and b* values and the hue angles of the products. The total monacolin K content of MEM (24.91 mg%) was higher than those of CFM (1.27 mg%) and EERB (14.65 mg%). However, the active monacolin K content of EERB (5.48 mg%) was higher than those of MEM (3.35 mg%) and CFM (0.4 mg%). Citrinin was not detected in any sample. The total polyphenol content of MEM (4.68%, w/w) was similar to that of CFM (4.29%, w/w), thus 13.75.20.94% higher than that of EERB. The total flavonoid content of EERB was 6.8.7.0-fold higher than those of MEM (0.64%, w/w) and CFM (0.66%, w/w). The total antioxidant capacity of CFM (3.51%, w/w) was 1.62.2.08-fold higher than those of MEM (2.74%, w/w) and EERB (1.69%, w/w). The electron-donating capacities of 1% (w/v) solutions of CFM, MEM, BHT, and EERB were 86.20%, 77.25%, 77.25%, and 44.82%, respectively, and the corresponding reducing powers ($OD_{700}$ values) were 2.1, 2.4, 1.1, and 1.6, respectively. SOD(superoxide dismutase)-like activities were in the order MEM (39.85%) > BHT (37.68%) > EERB (26.70%) > CFM (21.5%). Although the TBARS (% value) of MEM was a little lower than that of BHT, it was higher than those of CFM and EERB. The antibacterial activities of CFM acting on Bacillus brevis and Escherichia coli were somewhat higher than those of MEM, whereas the activities of MEM on Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella enteritidis were higher than those of CFM. However, the antibacterial activities of MEM and CFM were less than those of EERB and BHT. In conclusion, although further studies are needed, we offer experimental evidence that the by-products of M. pilosus MEM and CFM contain significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities that may be useful in the development of healthy foods.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2007

To determine the influence of food waste compost (FWC) application on paddy soil, FWC was applied to the paddy soil and then compared with farmer's practice as to the effects on rice and soil environment. Initially, pig manure compost (PMC) had high content of phosphorus ($15g\;kg^{-1}$) and potassium ($23g\;kg^{-1}$), while FWC had high content of total nitrogen ($13g\;kg^{-1}$) and salinity ($18.5g\;kg^{-1}$). Comparison was also made between chemical fertilizer and FWC use as a trial in the paddy field under the clay loam and sandy loam soil. In the panicle formation stage, chemical fertilizer application was proper in clay loam while PMC application was proper in sandy loam. However, chemical fertilizer produced higher yield compared to compost treatment, both on clay loam and sandy loam with 20~25% and 17~19%, respectively. The lower yield in sandy loam maybe due to slow mineralization of compost such that the crop did not effectively use it. Organic matter content in paddy soil after experiment was higher in FWC and PMC plots compared to that in chemical fertilizer plots. But the other soil properties were comparable. Therefore, the FWC compost had little effect on soil when it use as a trial in paddy field. Likewise, after the application of FWC as a trial, analysis of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the surface water and 60 cm depth of paddy soil water nine days after planting was done. Results revealed that concentration of ammonium nitrogen was similar to irrigation water while nitrate nitrogen concentration was not detected, and hence did not contribute to water pollution. It is concluded that the application of FWC in the paddy field had not affected on environmental pollution in the paddy field. But its use as compost during rice culture reduced yield quantity. Such study should include selection of compost material, amount and method of compost application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.781-788
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• 2021

Due to the high sensitivity to radiation, excessive exposure needs to be prevented by accurately measuring the dose irradiated to the skin during radiation therapy. Although clinical trials use dosimeters such as film, OSLD, TLD, glass dosimeter, etc. to measure skin dose, these dosimeters have difficulty in accurate dosimetry on skin curves. In this study, to solve these problems, we developed a skin dosimeter that can be attached according to human flexion and evaluated its response characteristics. For the manufacture of the dosimeter, lead oxide (PbO) with high atomic number (Z_Pb: 82, Z_O: 8) and density (9.53 g/cm³) and silicon binders that can bend according to human flexion were used. In the case of a dosimeter made of PbO material, the performance degradation has been prevented by using parylene and others due to the presence of degradation due to oxidation, but the previously used parylene is affected by bending, so a new form of passive layer was produced and applied to the skin dosimeter. The characteristic evaluation of the skin dosimeter was evaluated by analyzing SEM, reproducibility, and linearity. Through SEM analysis, bending was evaluated, reproducibility and linearity at 6 MeV energy were evaluated, and applicability was assessed with a skin dosimeter. As a result of observing the dosimeter surface through SEM analysis, the parylene passive layer PbO dosimeter with the positive layer raised to the parylene produced cracks on the surface when bent. On the other hand, no crack was observed in the silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter, which was raised to silicon passive layer. In the reproducibility measurement results, the RSD of the silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter was 1.47% which satisfied the evaluation criteria RSD 1.5% and the linearity evaluation results showed the R² value of 0.9990, which satisfied the evaluation criteria R² 9990. The silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter was evaluated to be applicable to skin dosimeters by demonstrating high signal stability, precision, and accuracy in reproducibility and linearity, without cracking due to bending.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.493-500
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose the development of deep learning structure to improve quality of polygonal containers. The deep learning structure consists of a convolution layer, a bottleneck layer, a fully connect layer, and a softmax layer. The convolution layer is a layer that obtains a feature image by performing a convolution 3x3 operation on the input image or the feature image of the previous layer with several feature filters. The bottleneck layer selects only the optimal features among the features on the feature image extracted through the convolution layer, reduces the channel to a convolution 1x1 ReLU, and performs a convolution 3x3 ReLU. The global average pooling operation performed after going through the bottleneck layer reduces the size of the feature image by selecting only the optimal features among the features of the feature image extracted through the convolution layer. The fully connect layer outputs the output data through 6 fully connect layers. The softmax layer multiplies and multiplies the value between the value of the input layer node and the target node to be calculated, and converts it into a value between 0 and 1 through an activation function. After the learning is completed, the recognition process classifies non-circular glass bottles by performing image acquisition using a camera, measuring position detection, and non-circular glass bottle classification using deep learning as in the learning process. In order to evaluate the performance of the deep learning structure to improve quality of polygonal containers, as a result of an experiment at an authorized testing institute, it was calculated to be at the same level as the world's highest level with 99% good/defective discrimination accuracy. Inspection time averaged 1.7 seconds, which was calculated within the operating time standards of production processes using non-circular machine vision systems. Therefore, the effectiveness of the performance of the deep learning structure to improve quality of polygonal containers proposed in this paper was proven.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.387-401
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• 2021

Thrips infesting hot peppers were monitored in greenhouses using yellow sticky traps. In addition, the hot peppers infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were observed during the monitoring period. The flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) were initially trapped at a low density just after transplanting seedlings of hot peppers at late March. The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) were trapped after mid April. These two thrips represented more than 98% of the total thrips attracted to the traps after May, in which F. intonsa showed higher occurrence frequency than F. occidentalis. The total number of thrips had two peaks at mid May with a small and short-term peak and at June-July with a large and long-term peak. The trapped thrips exhibited inconsistent sex ratios, suggesting a seasonal parthenogenesis. Different geographical populations were varied in cytochrome oxidase I sequences, in which local populations in Andong shared a high sequence similarity. TSWV-infected hot peppers, which might be mediated by these two thrips species, were observed and confirmed by an immunoassay kit and a molecular diagnosis using RT-PCR. In addition, the TSWV was detected in F. occidentalis collected from the infected hot peppers. Three open reading frames (NS_S, N, and NS_M) of the isolated TSWV genomes were sequenced and showed multiple point mutations containing missense mutations among geographical variants. When the isolated TSWV was fed to nonvirulent thrips of F. occidentalis, the virus was detected in both larvae and adults. However, the viral replication occurred in larvae, but not in adults.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.47-63
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• 2021

Variability is one of the major characteristics of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and it is used for understanding the energy generation mechanism in the center of AGN and/or related physical phenomena. It it known that there exists a time lag between AGN light curves simultaneously observed at different wavelengths, which can be used as a tool to estimate the size of the area that produce the radiation. In this paper, We present long term near-infrared variability of optically bright type 1 AGN using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data. From the Milliquas catalogue v6.4, 73 type 1 QSOs/AGN and 140 quasar candidates are selected that are brighter than 18 mag in optical and located within 5 degree around the ecliptic poles. Light curves in the W1 band (3.4 ㎛) and W2 band (4.6 ㎛) during the period of 2010-2019 were constructed for these objects by extracting multi-epoch photometry data from WISE and NEOWISE all sky survey database. Variability was analyzed based on the excess variance and the probability P_var. Applying both criteria, the numbers of variable objects are 19 (i.e., 26%) for confirmed AGN and 12 (i.e., 9%) for AGN candidates. The characteristic time scale of the variability (τ) and the variability amplitude (σ) were derived by fitting the DRW model to W1 and W2 light curves. No significant correlation is found between the W1/W2 magnitude and the derived variability parameters. Based on the subsample that are identified in the X-ray source catalog, there exists little correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the variability parameters. We also found four AGN with changing W1-W2 color.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.447-452
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• 2018

Water is an important component in the production of fresh produce. It is mainly used for irrigation and application of pesticides and fertilizers. Several outbreaks cases related to fresh produce have been reported and water has been identified as the most likely source. On the other hand, wildlife has been identified as a possible source of the waterborne pathogens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wildlife access on irrigation water used in the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in Goesan. The frequency of wild animals access to upstream water source and the contamination level of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococci of irrigation water used in Chinese cabbage farm was examined. A total of 37 wildlife including the wild bear and water deer were observed in upstream of water source during the cultivation of Chinese cabbage. The result indicated the presence of hygienic indicator bacteria from the upstream where there is no human access. The contamination range of coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp. Detected in the irrigation water were 2.13~4.32 log MPN / 100 mL, 0.26~2.03 log MPN / 100 mL, and 1.43~3.49 log MPN / 100 mL, respectively. Due to low water temperatures, the contamination levels of coliform bacteria and E. coli in the irrigation water during harvesting time was lower compared to those recorded during transplanting of Chinese cabbage. However, no significant difference was detected in the number of Enterococci during the cultivation of Chinese cabbage. The results indicated the need to manage the microbial risk in irrigation water to enhance safety in cultivation of Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.500-509
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the worth of extract husk and cobs of the Seakso 1 (EHCS) for the functional foods. We aimed to investigate the proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, antioxidant active substance contents, antioxidant activity, inhibitory activity of the ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$. The proximate composition of the EHCS have represented 6.90% moisture, 7.31% crude ash, 0.52% crude fat and 7.07% crude protein. Among the 17 kinds of amino acids that were analyzed in thd EHCS, the glutamic acid was the highest, with 736.08 mg / 100 g. The fatty acids detected in the EHCS were palmitic acid oleic acid and linoleic acid. The proportion of the unsaturated fatty acids was 83.33%. We determined the contents of the antioxidant active substance by the total polyphenol and flavonoid. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 99.87 mg/g and 25.02 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidative activity of the EHCS were determined using a DPPH and ABTS assay. In the antioxidative activity determination, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 95.62% ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) and 92.00% ($10,000{\mu}g/mL$), respectively. The inhibitory activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ (10 mg/mL) were 95.86% and 76.92%, respectively. These results suggest that the EHCS could be potentially used as a resource for the bioactive materials for health functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2018

In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.