• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.129-137
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• 2021

External shading devices are well known solar control devices that can help reduce the cooling load of commercial buildings. For this study, experiments were conducted to examine the feasibility of shading devices in reducing both the cooling and heating loads. The influence of sky radiant cooling during winter was verified for the external shading device, internal roller blind, and window. Results can be summarized as follows. The temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the window with the external shading device was 11.8℃ compared to 14.6℃ for one without the external shading device. This 2.8℃ difference was due to heat exchange by sky radiation when the surface temperature of the shading device was lower than the ambient outdoor air temperature. The roller blind resulted in a lower temperature of 0.8℃ compared to the average temperature of the window's air cavity. This was due to heat exchange by sky radiation of the roller blind surfaces. Without shading devices, the outside surface temperature of the window is about 3℃ higher. The study also found that when external shading devices were installed on both the southwest and southeast sides, the outside surface temperature of the windows were lower on the southwest side than the southeast side.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.75-82
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• 2021

The objective of this study is to examine the loss of prestressing stress in the developed prestressing reinforcing units using steel bar and pipe (SP). The main parameters were the reinforcing bar type, the magnitude of prestressed force, and prestressing method. The test results showed that the loss of prestressing stress for SP was highest in the initial prestressing step, which was higher for the compression introduction typed specimens than tension introduction typed specimens. The loss of prestressing stress of SP made with P800 was 1.6% for the compression introduction typed specimen with 0.8f_y, which was lowest than the other specimens. Meanwhile, the relaxation of SP with the respect to the time ranged between 0.4 and 1.9%, irrespective of SP material type, the magnitude of prestressed force, and prestressing method. These values were less than 2.5%, which is the maximum value for the relaxation of prestressed reinforcing steel bars in design codes. Consequently, considering the loss of stress developed in the initial prestressing step, the developed SP material type, prestressing introduction method, and magnitude are recommended to be P800, compression introduction type, and 0.8f_y.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.497-505
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• 2018

In a situation where the amount of bulky waste needs to be quantified, a three-dimensional model of the wastes can be constructed using drones. This study constructed a drone-based 3D model with a range of flight parameters and a GCPs survey, analyzed the relationship between the accuracy and time required, and derived a suitable drone application technique to estimate the amount of waste in a short time. Images of waste were photographed using the drone and auto-matching was performed to produce a model using 3D coordinates. The accuracy of the 3D model was evaluated by RMSE calculations. An analysis of the time required and the characteristics of the top 15 models with high accuracy showed that the time required for Model 1, which had the highest accuracy with an RMSE of 0.08, was 954.87 min. The RMSE of the 10th 3D model, which required the shortest time (98.27 min), was 0.15, which is not significantly different from that of the model with the highest accuracy. The most efficient flight parameters were a high overlapping ratio at a flight altitude of 150 m (60-70% overlap and 30-40% sidelap) and the minimum number of GCPs required for image matching was 10.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

Rural houses are losing their original shape as they mimic the spatial composition of urban houses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extract the design elements needed for rural housing by applying Christopher Alexander's "A PATTERN LANGUAGE" to Standard Rural-House Design (SRHD). The scope and method of research was to compare and analyze the standard designs (SD) produced and distributed by the 'Korea Rural Community Corporation' from 2009 to 2014. The research result is summarized as follows. 1) The housing layout in the SD ignored the site conditions of various rural areas. 2) Most of the houses were not actively planned, considering that they contain various activities of rural life. 3) There was no room for children and the kitchen was planned to integrate the interior into a flexible space in the form of L.D.K. 4) There was no space plan that could be used as both a leasable annex and office space for the farming community. 5) Many small area plans were made because of the SD plan for couples only in 2014. Although the rural environment and living patterns were ignored in the SD, the diverse pattern language provided by the pattern language was developed as a SD element for rural houses, which is the most suitable housing plan for the farmers' livelihood pattern.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.26-34
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• 2018

This research is a pre-research to find out profit module of 20 students in a classroom. I researched the widths of passages in the 30 classrooms of 5 elementary schools in Nothern Kyeonggi-do. I found the conclusions as follows. 1st, the area of 1 student's unit is $650(W){\times}950(D)$ 2nd, most of classrooms' students table placements are one-way types(77%). U-types are 13%. group study-types are 7% 3rd, The width between blackboard and front student's table is 2.08m. The width of passage between back seat and backboard is 1.12m. The width of passage between side wall and near student's table is 0.89m. The width of passage between window and near student's table is 0.74m. The width of vertical passage(A) between student's tables is 0.68m. The width of vertical passage(B) between student's tables is 0.7m. 4th, The area of teachers' is $2.1m{\sim}2.25m{\times}2.1m=4.41{\sim}4.73m^2$

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

As the Construction Technology Promotion Act was revised in 2015, the term of Supervision was removed and Construction Management was included instead. The consideration of Construction Management shall be based on the cost plus fee method specified in the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Nevertheless, it is based on the construction cost ratio in accordance with the Economy and Finance Ministry's Detailed Guidelines for Preparing the 2018 Budget Plan and Fund Management Plan (Manual for Business Type and Item). As a result, it has been expected that Construction Management consideration will be calculated according to a single government standard and that the Criteria will be applied reasonably. In addition, although the change in the Labor Standard Act has a significant effect on the working environment of the construction site, the nature of the construction site is not considered in this Act. Based on these problems, the study suggested that the government should apply a single standard after consultation with the relevant agencies when calculating the consideration for Construction management, that the scope of the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services should be clear, that the amount of input by the Construction Manager should be considered for the capability of engineers and the number of working days, and that construction characteristics should be considered when determining the number of working days and hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.611-620
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• 2018

With the revitalization of alley market area becoming a major goal of the urban regeneration project, an understanding on customer characteristics that affect the sales of alley market areas is needed. As spatial heterogeneity appears to exist in alley market areas, the use of GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression) is required as an alternative to OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression. This study analyzes effects of customer characteristics on sales of 1007 alley market areas in Seoul. Comparing R squared and AICc, results show that GWR is better than OLS regression. According to OLS regression, the ratio of female, the ratio of 40's and 50's, the number of employees, the opening rate of establishment, the density of building and the size of alley market area have positive effects on sales, while the ratio of 20's and 30's, the distance of bus stop and that of subway station have negative effects. As a result of comparing local regression coefficients of geographically weighted regression analysis, the ratio of female customers has the greatest effect on the northwestern region, followed by the southwestern region, the central region and the northeastern region. The ratio of 20's and 30's and that of 40's and 50's effect on the southeastern and northeastern regions, and then the southwestern region. It is expected that this study will help to identify marketing target for each alley market area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.5-31
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• 2019

In this study, in order to foster human resources equipped with expertise in libraries and spatial organization that contributes to the development of libraries, planning, design, and construction, the self-designed library space planning major was developed and the education goal, human resources award, and major capabilities were presented. To this end, the relevant literature analysis, expert opinion collection, and consumer survey were conducted, and the results are as follows. First, the person-in-person awards required for library space planning were identified as space planning personnel, design thinking personnel, and creative working people. Second, the person-specific majors were derived with the ability to analyze the library environment, ability to express spatial concepts, ability to analyze user needs, ability to coordinate interests, ability to understand spatial design, ability to understand spatial design, and ability to apply practical applications. Based on the plan, subjects should be developed that can fulfill the educational goals of the future library space planning major, human resources award, and human resources status, and operation plans should be designed so that the library space planning major can adapt students without fail due to its own design-based major.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.24-47
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• 2013

This study focused on the constructional concepts, landscape design techniques and changes made of the Sandan(山壇) area in the rear garden of Changdeokgung Palace based on the spatial organization of the zone. The results of this study are as below. Constructional layers that have been maintained throughout the centuries from King Injo(仁祖), King Sukjong(肅宗), King Sunjo(純祖), the Japanese colonial period to the present, were found in the Sandan area. The Sandan area, which was developed with the establishment of Chuiseungjeong(取勝亭) during the ruling of King Injo(仁祖), was created as a resting place for the King, and its usage continued until King Sukjong(肅宗) built Nakminjeong(樂民亭). However, the whole area was reorganized to host ritual ceremonies, where ancestral rites were performed for the mountain gods, after Sandan and Baekunsa(白雲社) were built during King Gojong's reign, before the drawing of 'Painting of Eastern Palaces(東闕圖).' The architectural component used then appears to have been designed to serve ancestral ritual formalities for the god of land, or to satisfy the religious desires of the royal family not fulfilled by Confucian courtesy. These are characteristics that define the Sandan area. Meanwhile, the analysis of the ground plan of the Changdeokgung Palace revealed that the Sandan had been maintained until the Japanese colonial era, but was removed sometime after liberation. The area underwent extensive reform in the early 1970s, when the whole area was developed into a tourist destination called Bingcheon(氷泉). Then, a new road that runs through Bingcheon was laid, and the present condition reflects the construction result of the time. An interview with a person who had taken part in the repair work in the 1970s confirmed that the construction work at the time had the goal of establishing two drainage systems for drinking water and copied the Okryuchon(玉流川) well.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.501-507
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• 2011

To develop environmental-friendly insulating composite materials, natural cellulose and porous ceramic balls were used as core materials and activated Hwangtoh was used as a binder. Various specimens were prepared with different water/binder ratios and core material/binder ratios. The physical properties of these specimens were then investigated through compressive strengths, flexural strengths, absorption test, hot water resistance test, pore analysis, thermal conductivity, and observation of micro-structures using scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the maximum compressive strength varied appreciably with the water/binder ratios and core material/binder ratios, but the flexural strength increased with the core material/binder ratios regardless of water/binder ratios. The compressive strength and the flexural strength measured after the hot water resistance test decreased remarkably compared to those measured before test. The pore analysis measured after the hot water resistance test showed that total pore volume, porosity and average pore diameter decreased, while bulk density increased by the acceleration of hydration reaction of binder in the hot water. The thermal conductivity decreased gradually with an increase of core material/binder ratios. It can be evaluated that the composite insulation materials having good insulating properties and mechanical strengths can be used in the field.